Disability in Modern Society

Indians essays

Indians essays The Native American Indians in the southwest region lived in areas of Arizona and villages in New Mexico, mostly the southern states of USA, southern Colarado and Southern Utah. These Pueblo people belonged to many different communities.They also spoke six different languages. They were named in the 1500 by Spanish explorers. The Spaniards found them living in the villages that resembled the Spanish towns and the word Pueblo in spanish means town. Most of these people lived in New Mexico, the majority of the people lived in Rio Grande, in areas between Taos and Albuquerque. Others lived in deserts or high plateau areas that were called Mesas in Laguna and Acoma in west-central New Mexico. The climate in this region was cold in the winters with snow, and dry, hot summers because of the deserts. Each of the pueblo villages have their own government and their own organization. They were linked to one another in many customs that were similar. The Pueblo are very close to their homeland and their traditions. The natural resources that were available for housing were, stone or adobe structures that resembled apartment buildings. These homes had as many as four stories, and the indians used ladders to reach up to the upper levels. Many of the relatives also lived in the dwellings. Farming was very important to these indians also. They planted corn which was very abundant during that time, as well as squash , beans, sunflowers, cotton and tobacco. Deer, antelope and rabbits were also hunted and used for food. Water was important for their survival. Cactus was one source of water in the dry regions because they store water in their stems. Irrigation ditches helped the indains water their crops. They also developed where they dug deep holes around the seeds. Dry planting diggi ng deep holes. Terracing was used to prevent soil erosion. The Pueblo designed excellent and beautiful pottery. The women wove baskets. Cotton was woven to make ...

PEDE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PEDE - Essay Example Ethical decision making is the very cornerstone of the Professional Mission Statement and may very well be the guiding principles of the entire document. As you progress through the OLS program of study, you will increase your knowledge, crystallize your beliefs and expand your skills. Therefore, you will keep modifying and perfecting your mission statement during the next few months and years. A mission statement should enable you to attain unsurpassed excellence, inspire you to lifelong honesty and ethical behavior, and serve as your continuous guidepost during difficult personal and professional times. Many leaders put their mission statement on their business cards, display it in their offices and/or keep a copy in their homes. The first step in writing your mission statement is to do some reflecting, soul searching, and imagining. This is often called harnessing the potential of your creative imagination and mobilizing allied forces of concentration. The sequence is: The first step in the process of developing a Personal Mission Statement is to outline your various roles in life and describe how you desire to be in each of those roles. You have roles in maintaining total well-being, in your family, at work, with friends, in the faith community, in lifelong learning, and in your community. It is important to maintain â€Å"life balance† in these areas. How you define each of your roles is up to you. The life roles are in the left hand column and the question about how you would like to be described in each role is in the right hand column. Please complete this worksheet: After defining your roles in the seven areas, it is time to expand on your personal and professional role. The answers to the following questions may serve as the basis for the development of your mission statement: I want to become supportive and at the same time a participative kind of

Details of the European Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Details of the European Crisis - Essay Example The critical issues that shaped the crisis include; competitive weakness, weak and actual growth and large debt-to-GDP ratios. Other important issues are liquidation of banks and sovereigns, considerable liability stocks both in private, government and non-private sectors (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). The crisis was complicated making it difficult for European nations to refinance or repay the debts of their governments without the intervention of a third party such as IMF or ECB. In addition, the banks within the Euro zone were undercapitalized and, as a result, were influenced by debt problems and liquidity. Due to the crisis, the rate of economic growth was slow in the entire region. Similarly, the economic growth was unequally distributed across the member states (Lynn, 2011). The governments of the nations that were ruthlessly affected coordinated with "the troika". The troika is a committee formed by three international organizations namely, the European Central Bank, the European Commission, and the International Monetary Fund. Virtually, in 1992 the EU signed the Maastricht Treaty. The agreement regulated their debt levels and the limit deficit spending. Nonetheless, at the onset of the year 2000, some of the member states defied the criteria of the treaty. These countries instead decided to analyze government revenues to minimize their deficit or debts. Therefore, evading the desired practice and not being able to follow the international standards (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). This gave the sovereigns a chance to mask their deficit and debt levels by embracing a combination of approaches such as off-balance-sheet transactions, inconsistent accounting and the use of complex credit derivatives, as well as currency structures. The low-interest rates resulted to excessive government spending and borrowing primarily in member states like Greece during the decade lead. Since

Measuring National Identity for the U.A.E National and Resident Essay

Measuring National Identity for the U.A.E National and Resident Consumers - Essay Example The literature review will focus on addressing this gap by reviewing theories on both self-identity and national identity and concluding on the relationship that exists between these two. This research study will therefore build on the literature relative to self-identity and national identity and later link these with consumer preferences using the (national identity) NATID scale. This literature review is divided into four main parts. The first part of the literature review examines applicable theories and forms the basis of the theoretical framework for conducting this study. The second part of this chapter reviews the literature on both self-identity and national identity and their roles in consumer decision making. The third part of the literature review will then be narrowed to main research topic on national identity by describing the NATID including its history and development as a valid scale for measuring national identity. The chapter closes with a summary and conclusion on all the major themes and aspects of review that has been performed. This section of the chapter is dedicated to reviewing theories on self identity and national identity. Theories on self-identity and national identity are selected given the gap already referred to, where most existing works of literature have failed to acknowledge the impact of self-identity on the construction of national identity. As far as self-identity is concerned, the performativity theory shall be reviewed whilst the social identity theory and evolutionary theory of nationality shall be reviewed under national identity. Each of the three theories will pave way for constructing a hypothesis which will later be tested through the collection of primary data from respondents in UAE. Judith Butler’s theory developed in 1990 of performativity has long been used in the analysis of the

How the economy was affected by the bubonic plague.

How the economy was affected by the bubonic plague. Medieval people called the catastrophe of the l4th century the Great Pestilence. The Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of plague that took Europe by storm, between 1347andl35l (C. Warren Hollister). The Black Death is categorized into three specific types of plague: bubonic plague (infection in the lymph nodes, or buboes), pneumonic plague(the infection in the lungs),and septicemic plague(the infection in the blood and the most deadly of the three). Scientists and historians at the beginning of the 20th century assumed that the Black Death was an outbreak of the same diseases, caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas with the help of Animals like the black rat. Once infected by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, Death could be very quick for the weaker victims. It is estimated that victims would die within three to seven days(Knox). However, this view has recently been questioned by some scientists and historians, (Kelly)and some researchers believe that the illness was, in fact, a viral hemorrhagic fever based on epidemiological interpretation of historical records of the spread of disease. (Lavelle) The plague affected every part of life. Depopulation and shortage of labor rushed changes already built into the rural economy; the substitution of wages for labor services was accelerated, and social stratification became less rigid (Knox). Psychological illness affected the arts; in religion, the lack of educated personnel among the clergy gravely Reduced the churchs hold. [n less than four years the disease carved a path of death Through Asia, Italy, France, North Africa, Spain and Normandy, made its way over the Alps into Switzerland, and continued eastward into Hungary(C. Warren Hollister). After a small break, the plague continued crossing the channel into England, Scotland, and Ireland, and eventually made its way into the northern countries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and even as far north as Greenland. In other words, the plague touched almost the entire known world. (C. Warren Hollister) So much death could not help but tear economic and social structures apart. Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source as new research and discoveries come to light. It killed an estimated 75-2OO million people in the l4th century (Philipkoski). Lack of peasants and laborers sent wages soaring, and the value of land took a serious downfall. For the first time in history the odds were against wealthy landlords as peasants and serfs gained more bargaining power. Without architects, masons and artisans, great cathedrals and castles remained unfinished for hundreds of years. Governments, lacking officials, floundered in their attempts to create order out of chaos.(Knox) Those that were still alive lost all sense of morality and justice, and a new attitude toward the church surfaced. Many saw the plague as a form of punishment from God. Medieval people could find no Divine reason for the four-year nightmare, and dissatisfaction with the church was the driving force to reform movements that, in the end, broke apart the amalgamation of the Catholic Church.(Knox) The middle l4th century was not a good time for Europe. The European economy was already seeing hardships. It was inching towards the limits of expansion, both on its frontiers and in regaining land from forest and swamp (Knox).The entry of the Mongols and the Ottomans caused confusion in trade routes, and certain areas of Europe were on the verge of depression. The Church was also in poor shape. The popes resided at Avignon, not at Rome, to the scandal of many. Blasphemy could be found in England and Bohemia and southern France, and the Church seemed unable to control it. (Kelly) The Holy Land had been lost in the 1290s and efforts to recover it had been Dismal failures. The Black Death intensified the strains of war and a tightened economy. (Knox) There is a relationship here, of course. The effects of the plague were made worse because of these other problems. And the problems themselves were redoubled because of the plague. The Jewish population was another problem. In multiple villages, the common people placed the blame on the Jewish community. Hundreds of Jews were accused of poisoning wells and put to the question, medieval code for torture, and burned. When the Black Death raged through the German lands between 1348 and 1352, over 300 Jewish communities were either destroyed or expelled from their homelands. (class lecture) There was a substantial change in Europes demography because of the Black Death. Birth rates were also at an all time low. The net result was that by 1400, Europes population was half what it had been in 1345. Many medieval church, census, and tax records that have survived show some accuracy of this. Europes population took about six generations to recover.(Knox) The cities were really affected by the plague. Financial business was disrupted as those who borrow died, their creditors have no one to pay them back. There was simply no one to collect from. Construction projects stopped for a time or were abandoned altogether. Guilds lost their craftsmen and could not replace them. There was no industry unaffected by the plague.(Knox) The most immediate effect of the plague here was the severe shortage in labor, consequently, wages rose. Because of the mortality, there was an oversupply of goods, and so prices dropped. As a result the standard of living rose for those still living. With the post-Plague labor shortage, many nobles tried to reverse the process in order to keep their land under cultivation and their income up. Free tenants were taking advantage of the labor shortage to demand better terms from their landlords and that the nobles were reluctant to see their incomes but the labor reduced. Governments tried to fix wages, shortage was irresistible. (The plague video) The Plague caused many peasants to demand a restructuring of society, often religious based. Democracy was in high demand and with it a limit of aristocratic rights and privileges. When ideas of democracy were dismissed, many commoners rose in rebellion. All of the rebellions were unsuccessful A land rent system, with the freedom of the peasants was organized. This system still exists in many parts of Europe, although the desire of peasants to own their land eventually led to migration to places like Russia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas centuries later. Never was there enough land, and dividing it among the sons soon led to economic situations that were left unattended to.(Lavelle) Governments also had to adapt. Land was abandoned, rents were not paid, and tax Revenue declined. This had a drastic effect on the war, as the wages of mercenary soldiers increased while available tax revenue decreased by more than 50 percent. There was fewer trained soldiers available and those that were still around wanted a lot more money or simply had better financial prospects doing something else.(C. Warren Hollister) As a result of the Plague, the French converted to a system of paid, professional, army, whereas the English had been there and done that for quite sometime. Smaller armies were a result of lower taxes. The world after the plague was one of with more opportunity for the creative and capable individuals. While the Black Death killed off medieval society, it gave birth to the beginnings of our own industrialized consumer society.

King for a Day :: Rick Reilly Sports Illustrated Athletics Essays

King for a Day Rick Reilly, within his weekly Sports Illustrated column, â€Å"The Life of Reilly† sheds an interesting light onto the LeBron James controversy. LeBron James is considered, possibly, the greatest high school basketball player ever and will, in most scouts’ opinion, will be the first player selected in the 2003 N.B.A. draft. However, after a chain of events involving a gift of $845 worth of free basketball jerseys, James was ruled ineligible for two of his team’s high school games. Reilly explains the benefit another player receives from James’ error. Junior Brandon Weems has the chance to step in the shoes no one can fill and play in front of full crowds expecting to see LeBron. This paper will discuss briefly Reilly’s background as well as whom he has intended to read his piece. Furthermore, it will also discuss the rhetorical appeals Reilly has used and the argument structure that is taking place. Reilly has been a Sports Illustrated writer for seventeen years and has won the award for National Sportswriter of the Year seven times. His career has taken him places such as the golf course with President Bill Clinton, into the cockpit of an F-14 fighter plane, to the daunting task of being present at the Swimsuit Edition photo shoot. Reilly, who started in 1979 with the Boulder (CO) Daily Camera, always tends to put a witty and amusing spin on stories that may seem bland at first glance. It has been said that he has an uncanny knowledge of all sports mixed with the â€Å"timing of Jay Leno and the wit of Johnny Carson† (si.com). The intended audience for the piece, â€Å"King for a Day†, is an intelligent crowd that has somewhat of an interest in sports in general, not necessarily basketball. Any current or former high school athlete can relate to the situation that Weems is in. He is a replacement who just wants to have fun when he gets the chance. Anyone who appreciates the story of an underdog who succeeds will value this article. Reilly’s purpose is to show that there are two sides to ever story.

Benihana Case Study

Marketing Management Class Notes 1/16/13 Markets: * Consumer market—B2C * Business market—B2B * Global market (? ) * Not-for-profit market—must have higher revenues than cost to survive * ex: health-care: hospitals need 7% more revenues than expenses to survive * Government market Core Concepts: * needs, wants, and demands * segmentation, target markets, positioning * offerings and brands value and satisfaction * relationship marketing * marketing channels * supply chain * competition * marketing environment Marketing mix—4 Ps * Product—good, service, idea, experience, place, person, etc. * Price—above, at, or below market * Place—retail location, channel of distribution * Promotion—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, PR/publicity Shifts in marketing management: in past: marketing does marketing; now: everyone does marketing * organized by product units; now: organizing by customer segments * using many suppliers; no w: using fewer suppliers who are partners * ex: Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble pampers—no longer places orders for pampers; now P&G brand manager manages Wal-Mart shelf of pampers * emphasizing tangible assets; now emphasizing intangible assets * building brands through advertising; now building brand through performance and integrated communication * good experience=tell 5 other people; ad experience=tell 9 other people * now even more permanent with online ratings * shotgun (dispersed) v. rifle (accurate) * avoid shotgun (avoid developing product/service that would appeal to everybody) * relying on old markets; now uncovering new markets * focusing on profitable transactions; now customer lifetime value * major goals of increasing revenue and market share v. now: must be responsible for return on marketing investment (ROMI) * local; now glocal (local and global) * focus on shareholders; now focus on stakeholders What do marketers do? develop marketing strategies and plans * generate/collect marketing info (research) * connect w/ customers * develop market offerings * build brands * delivery and communicate value * create long-term growth * ex: ivory 1879 and still going New Marketing capabilities: * use of internet for info and sales * easily gather info about: * customers, prospects, markets, competitors * social media * facilitate and speed communication w/ customers * personal marketing (thru email) * mobile marketing for customers on the go * mass customization * bit of an oxi-moron * ex: Levi’s jeans made to size measurements use internet internally and for other than marketing Evolution of the Marketing Concept * Production Concept—production efficiency, low costs, mass dist. ; consumers want the most quality, performance, or innovative features (more, better, faster) * Stool made in cottage industry—individuals made them at home w/ tools on handindustrial revolution—factories, standards, conformity, production concept emerged * Selling Concept—consumers will buy only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products * Too many stools produced and no one is buying themhow to sell them? must aggressively sell and advertise * Marketing Concept—focuses on needs/wants of target markets and delivering value better than competitors * Quit making stools that people don’t need or want; * must determine how many stools the customer wants first before making them * The Marketing Concept’s—Three Pillars: * Customer orientation * Integrated marketing effort** * Table 1. 1 on p. 23 * integrated w/ other departments b/c marketing interacts w/ customers * Emphasis on profitable sales (not all sales are worth pursuing) * Pillsbury Ex: 1. We make flour†¦how do we make the flour faster and better * 2. We sell flour†¦hired sales people and started advertising * 3. What do customers want that has flour in it—expanded product lines †¦Burger King— hamburger buns, pie shops, refrigerated dough products Ch. 2: Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans * Value—the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service compared to its costs * Determinant of Cust0mer Values: * Customer perceived value * total customer value * Image value * Personal value * services value * product value vs. total customer cost * Monetary cost * time cost * energy cost * psychic cost * in mind—instantly assessing value and weighing it against cost Creating value: * satisfy needs * more than one org * functions of marketing creates value Generic value chain—link in chain consists of: * Primary activities: inbound logistics, operations, out-bound logistics, marketing and sales, service * support activities: firm infrastructure, HR management, technology development, procurement (purchasing) * margin-includes profitability Ex: Levi Jeans Value-Delivery Network: Dupont fibersMilliken fabricsLevi’s apparelSears reta ilcustomer * each is a link in the value chain When value is not provided: * lost sale * lost customer—CLV (accounting for the number of years person would have been a customer) Competitive Advantage—something a co. has that no other co. has * achieved through: * 1. core competencies—source of comp. advantage, application in wide variety of markets, and difficult for competitors to imitate * 2. distinctive capabilities—excellence in broad business practices * involve multiple levels of people ex: ability to innovate, ability to understand your customer, understanding the market Marketing goal=competitive advantage * must be something significant to customers * important in a variety of markets * difficult to imitate Strategic planning: * Corp. Mission * â€Å"Marketing Myopia†Ã¢â‚¬â€see close but don’t see far away; * Railroads thought they were in the railroad business, had they realized they were in the transportation business they could have expanded line to auto or plane * What business are we in? * growth opportunities * growth matrix * SBU—Strategic Business Unit * Resources—S/W Assessment—O/T * goalsstrategies to achieve goalstactical plans to achieve strategies Good Mission Statement * ex’s in the book: Table 2. 5 * identify: * target customers and markets * principle services delivered * org. philosophy * desired self/public image * Mission statement—what the co. does; Vision statement—hope for future Goals and Objectives: * goals—umbrella; hierarchical (at different levels) * provide broad direction * objectives—SMART * Specific * Measurable * Actionable * Realistic * Time bound—for marketing plan, usually a year * for new product, maybe 6 months Porter’s Generic Strategies: * 1.Overall cost leadership—low cost provider; can make stuff at the lowest cost (will have higher margins and more choices) * 2. Differentiation—develop competitive advantages that are diff. from competition * Focus—segment; * niche market focus that has either overall cost leadership or differentiations Ansoff’s Product/Market Expansion Grid: | Existing products| New products| Existing markets| Market Penetration * advertising, lowering price, increasing sales personnel, * take existing pie of market share and try to get bigger piece of the pie | Product development| New markets| Market development * ex: co. hat made lawnmowers B2B (golf courses) decided they could sell those lawnmowers to consumers | Diversification | Boston Consulting Group’s Growth Share Matrix | Relatively high market share| Relatively low market share| High market growth rate| Stars| Question marks (aka problem children—don’t know how they are going to turn out)| Low market growth rate| Cash cows—products you’ve had for a relatively long time but they have slow growth Ex: Coke for Coca-Cola| Dogs| Implementatio n—plansEvaluation and Control: * Set objectives (to be measured) * measure performance against objectives * understand deviations—why didn’t you achieve what you set out to achieve * set new objectives Marketing Plan Parts: * Exec. Summary * Table of Contents * Situational Analysis: External Analysis * Situational Analysis: internal analysis * SWOT critical success factors * Goals/objectives * Strategy—4 Ps * Action programs * Financial implications * Controls Case Analysis—slides being sent via email

Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments

Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments. Community correction agencies are increasingly becoming dependent on risk assessments in calculating the likelihood that an offender may re-offend. This trend is evident because of the increased cases of offences that necessitate the urgency in the development of quick risk assessment methods.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These risk factors are categorised into static and dynamic factors. The latter category refers to historical factors that do not frequently fluctuate such as gender, marital status, and the number of previous arrests. On the other hand, the former category refers to risk factors that can easily fluctuate in a short time and include substance abuse, mental health and criminal peers. In this section, risk factors that are severally present in offender risk a ssessments are discussed and include; the number of previous arrests, substance abuse, and mental health (Murray, 1998). Previous arrests/ Criminal Past According to relevant sources, the criminal past of an offender is the best indicator that the offender may re-offend (Murray, 1998). For instance, an offender with a single past criminal offense is approximately 39% more likely to commit another offense in the future. On the other hand, an individual with five past offenses is approximately 59% more likely to commit another offense (Lind, 2009). When an offender enters a correctional facility, the likelihood to re-offend increases; thus, the need to implement rehabilitation programs becomes inevitable. Substance abuse Approximately 80% of state and federal inmates are incarcerated for drug-related crimes, or have a past associated with alcohol or drug abuse. When offenders linked with substance abuse are sent to community supervision, the cycle tends to repeat itself (Murray, 1998) . For instance, 30% of offenders show evidence of drug abuse within the first four weeks of release from correctional facilities, (Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug Policy, 2008). Mental health Another risk factor that is included in most offender risk assessments is the mental health of the offender (Murray, 1998). Relevant sources show that several offenders commit offences as a result of some form of mental illness. In June 2008, for example, 31% of all incarcerated adult offenders were discovered to be suffering from mental disorders.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has been established that offenders suffering from serious mental disorders have a rate of recidivism of 46% (Lind, 2009). As such, the risk factor is introduced to help in determining the offender sentencing process. How Community Correction Agencies use Risk Assessments. Depending on th e nature of the offence, prior convictions, drug abuse, and other risk factors, community correction agencies apply various risk assessment procedures. The methods used are classified into actuarial instruments and clinical guides. They were designed to assist supervision staff in correctional facilities to address need factors, for example, high-risk offenders are put under more supervision than low-risk offenders. In this section, the methods by which community correction agencies use risk assessments are described below. Pre-sentence Reports. Community correction agencies (CCA) use offender risk assessments to prepare pre-sentence reports (PSR) used by the courts in sentencing. As such, PSR reports give the offender risk information that aids courts in establishing the appropriate sentences (Bonta, Bourgon, Jesseman, Yessine, 2005). For instance, probation officers prepare PSR’s for high-risk offenders including their appropriate treatment recommendations. As compared to high-risk offenders, low-risk offenders may have less severe PSR with better treatment recommendations that would result in less severe sentences by the courts of law. Inmate Classification. By the aid of a Classification Officer, inmates are interviewed and assessed in order to determine the housing assignments and custody status. The final assessment is reached at through critical scrutiny of past criminal records, inmates file and the initial interview session. â€Å"Out of the assessment, inmates can be assigned to any of the custody levels that include: Maximum Pretrial or Sentenced, Medium Pretrial or Sentenced, or Minimum Pretrial or Sentenced† (Baltimore County, 2011). This defines the level of prison security at which the inmate will be put under which are; maximum security, medium-security and minimum-security respectively. Maximum-security prisons consist of closely monitored single cells while medium-security prisons consist of secure hostels supporting a maximum of 50 inmates each. Lastly, minimum-security prisons consist of unsecured hostels that correctional officers make planned visits to check for safety. Identification of Appropriate Programs/Supervision Community correction agencies conduct needs assessments on offenders to enable easier identification of the best programs that would effect change of behavior. Some of the items that are addressed during these assessments include; offender’s substance abuse, mental stability, and physical health.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Risk Factors Present in Offender Risk Assessments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, rehabilitation programs are scheduled for the offenders depending on the level of risk and their classifications in the above list. For instance, mentally ill offenders may be introduced to psychiatric programs; while, substance abusers put in drug rehabilitation programs (American Psych iatric Association, 2000). Strengths and Weaknesses of most Risk Assessments. Risk Assessment Tools have constantly been in use on account of their ability to identify risk of harm and offender recidivism. Most of these tools are gauged according to ease of use, applicability and accuracy of their results. On the contrary, different tools are believed to have weaknesses in terms of their complexity, lack of objectivity, and the inability to measure the risks associated with offenses (Webster, Rudiger,  Ã‚  Goran, 2002). All assessment tools are categorized under two broad sections namely; actuarial assessment and clinical decision tools as describe in the following paragraphs. Actuarial Assessment In this assessment, specialized actuarial instruments are used to assess the offender’s likelihood to re-offend through explicit rules for weighing each variable. In sexual offenses, for example, RRASOR assessment instrument is widely used (Hanson, 1997). This instrument comprises of four variables that include; prior sexual offenses, gender (male), age (25) and extra-familial victims. In accordance to the rating scale, a close correlation to these variables meant a high-risk of re-offense. Clinical Assessment Unlike actuarial assessments, a clinical assessment helps the assessor to select from a range of risk elements that have been established empirically. The evaluator uses the information to provide a general estimate of the risk posed by the offender. The Sexual Violence Rating Scale (SVR-20) is an example of a clinical decision tool for use in sexual offences (Webster, Rudiger,  Ã‚  Goran, 2002). Comparison and Conclusions According to relevant sources, actuarial assessments present the most accurate results in the prediction of recidivism (Webster, Rudiger,  Ã‚  Goran, 2002). Furthermore, the assessment instruments present an easy way of accessing and analyzing offender information for faster solutions. However, there are critics that the actuaria l rating scales used for assessment are one-dimensional and may not reflect the actual level of offender risks. Furthermore, the level of superiority in the assessment method depends on the formulation of assessment questions. For instance, questions in different stages may result in different scores for the same assessment instrument used. As such, it is not true that a certain instrument will always provide the most accurate results for all scenarios.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental  Disorders. Washington, DC. Baltimore County. (2011). Inmate Classification. Web. Bonta, J., Bourgon, G., Jesseman, R., Yessine, A. K. (2005). Pre-sentence reports in Canada. User Report 2005. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada. Hanson, R. (1997). Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offence Recidivism. Senior Research Officer. Ottawa: Ontario. Lind, K. (2009). Stopping the Revolving Door: Reform of Community Corrections in  Wisconsin. Web. Murray, C. (1998). Community Facilities for Juvenile Offenders in Washington State. Retrieved from the Washington State Institute for Public Policy Website: wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/1299 Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug Policy. (2008). Alcohol and Other Drug  Problems: A Public Health and Public Safety Priority. Web. Webster, D., Rudiger, M.,  Ã‚  Goran, F.  (2002). Violence Risk Assessment: Using Structured Clinical Guides Professionally.  Int ernational Journal of Reonsic Mental Health Services,  1(2),  44-49.

The Great War and Modern Memory

The Great War and Modern Memory brought out change to language, literature, and other aspects of cultural memory. The horrible conflicts that were brought out to the 19th century innocence had incubated the irony and pessimism that has influenced 20th century letters, politics, and popular opinion. Paul Fussell examines and analyzes literature, essays, poetry, and letters home. This book is mainly about World War I British literacy, and history. Irony plays a big role in this book, an irony between expectations and reality. Before the war, men could and did believe in gallantry, in battle as a sport and in idealized patriotism. After the thousands of British were killed in only four months time, irony became the dominant literary mode. The main irony in this book was that the population rushed to support the war in order to support these 19th century ideals. These ideals had been shattered in the war that gave birth to the 20th century. The book documents how World War I gave us the standardized form, the wristwatch, daylight savings time, civilian censorship and bureaucratic substitution. This book is about the effects of World War I on human consciousness and attitudes. The author, Paul Fussell, delivers an image to people that the war was reflected in the literature. This book was a critique about many things. One that caught my attention was the argument about the modern distrust of language. He uses Hemingways quote from A Farewell To Arms, where he states abstract words such as glory, honor courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the number of roads, the names of rivers, the number of regiments, and the dates. Before the war no one would have understood this. There were many things in this book that caught my eye. As Fussell has noted "no front-line soldier or officer was without his amulet and every tunic pocket became a reliquary so urgent was the ne...

Cross Cultural Health Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross Cultural Health Perspectives - Essay Example Four issues will be investigated: The best practice among a range of options in medical language interpretation, legal responsibilities in providing that services, CLAS standards seen in the case, and your role in a similar situation in the future. The best option in providing medical language interpretation is to hire a qualified medical interpreter. This means that the person is trained and is on-hand right away. Outsourcing from an agency also works, but interpreters might not be available at all times. A microphone helps by allowing these interpreters to speak on the phone with the patient and the healthcare provider at the same time. There are three less ideal options to choose from if a professional interpreter is not available: a.) Bilingual hospital staff, b.) community volunteers and c.) Family members and friends. None of these people are trained to be professional medical interpreters. Issues of time management, confidentiality and objectivity may arise when using these people. The legal responsibility of an organization to provide qualified language interpretation comes from Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which states, â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (Office of Minority Health, 2005). This entails providing meaningful access to services even if the patient cannot speak English. Other legal responsibilities are dependent upon the state or the institution. For example, JCAHO Standard RI.2.100 â€Å"requires that organizations ensure effective communication between the patient and the organization through the provision of interpreter and translation services. The standards also require the collection of race, ethnicity, and language data† (as cited in Office of Minority Health, 2005).  

Culture shock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture shock - Essay Example Group study replaced solo study with parents and teachers. I do not come from a wealthy class therefore I had to support myself in college for tuition funds and my pocket money. I come from a middle-class family. My parents and family members expect a lot from me. For this reason, they gave special attention to my studies while I was in school. This soft authority and system made me comfortable and dependent on it. Unfortunately, this is not nurturing or helpful in the long term. Eventually, a child has to open his wings and fly to leave the nest. Freedom, independence and choice were alien to me regarding life-changing decisions. I always had my parents and family there to guide me about difficult decisions. But college life is where parents expect their children to prove that they are capable of taking care of themselves. It was a whole different challenge to me. I believe that my family life was an educational ground for me to be ready for college life. My family background supported, nurtured and raised me in a secure and relaxed environment. The college life challenges people that they need to come out of their comfort zones. College life is where students do not care about laundry; bunking classes is the norm and having no money for anything is the story of almost every student. While at home, one is expected to live ‘normal. Obeying parents is the law. It is not just me, my fellows also feel this cultural shock. Some fall victims to this stark change while some adapt and refine themselves. I do not believe that one should consider college life as the ultimate test where penalty is either life or death. This way of thinking can turn average students into ‘useless’ bookworms. I have used the term useless because if someone learns nothing after spending hours reading something, he/she could have spent that time in more ‘useful’ ways. The illusion of acting well is worse than behaving bad. The