The role of SMEs on economic development

The role of SMEs on economic developmentSMEs has an important role in the development of an economic of a orbit (both developing and veritable countries). They bring lots of benefits like employment generation, exports, foreign currency, investment, income and wealth distribution. These benefits lead to an economics growth of a country and many countries has been encouraging the setting up of slight and medium business.Organization like World Bank Group approved more than $ 1.5 billion to SME support program in 2002 as it is believed that SME number and contribute to future expansion of an economy.SMEs is one of the most important economic pillars in Mauritius. The main role of SMEs in Mauritius is to create jobs so as to adulterate unemployment rate. Not to forget that in early 1980s, when at that place was economics recession in Mauritius result in big unemployment rate, it was specified that SMEs could create 10% of jobs. As this was proof of the importance of SMEs The Gover nment of Mauritius have come and provide new facilities and help to these companies by making availability of finance at low chase rate and taxes lowered on export , machinery and parts also. A special organization has been found by the Government called SMEDA to assist the small and medium theatre to grow and establish them self. Most of the SMEs generate fund intimately or by taking loans. SMEs use a combination of long term sources of finance which is called capital structure.Financial instrument SMEs usually use small CreditGovernment loans and grantsLeasingLoans from financial fastsPersonal savingsThere are some internal and external factor that affect small, micro and medium soused , namelyCompetition from bigger firm.Financial resource constraint.Access to research and development tool. avail for new ideas and creativity.Liability issues.Fluctuation in the economy.Difficult to obtain significant market share.Government law and policy.Narain, 2004 SMEs are born out of in dividual initiatives and skills, crack cocaine low cost product, production flexibility and can adopt new technology and innovate and export, have high employment orientation, utilize locally on hand(predicate) human and material resources and reduce regional imbalances.SME distinctionAutonomous firm(either a proprietor, coalition or linked enterprise )Partner firm( which does not cause occupation in ownership and decision making)Linked firm ( has a small share in the firm and few authority)Micro firmDefinitionMicro firms form part of small firm and are often unregistered. They usually single owner and have no employees and are generally young.Micro firm produce and distribute goods in unregulated but competitive markets. These firms are usually independent, largely family owned, employ low level of skills and use low and cheap technology and are highly labor intensive.Micro firm provide income and employment to a reasonable proportion of people in a country by producing goods a nd services for the population tenuous firmDefinitionSmall firm are usually a business that is privately owned (corporations, partnership or sole proprietor) and have a low volume of sales.One of the most used definition of small firms one with a relatively small share of market, one that is managed by its owners in a personalized and independent way, i.e. free from outside control in decision making. Stanworth (1991).These small firms are not usually dominant in the market and are not a big threat to large and quoted firmsspiritualist firmDefinitionMedium firm are normally engaged in industrial and more complex activities that small and micro firms and are registered companies. They usually import and export goods.Small, Micro and Medium firm can begin or commerce activities on a low budget and can be managed easily on a good time or part time basis. Decisions are take freely and there is no interference in the work done.Demarcate between Micro, Small and Medium firm.According to OECD, Small and Medium firm are usually defines according to the number of employee, capital, asset, sales volume and production ability to produce able goods. The differentiation criterion varies from country to country like the employment criterion which is usually used to demarcate hem, for example a country may margin medium employee to 300 when others may limit it to 200 employees.As per SMEDA Act, it definition let in all Enterprise in the economic sector and they use derangement criterion to demarcate them.Medium firm are define separately from small firm as they have different needs and objective. They usually are more sophisticate firms and well technology averse while small firm are usually in a developmental state.Normally there are three criteria to differentiate Micro, Small and Medium firms from each otherStaff headcountAnnual turnoverAnnual remnant Sheet comparing these 3 criteria allow you to determined the type of the firm, i.e. Micro, Small or Medium.Staff hea dcount.The number of employee is an important factor to determine in which category SME the firm falls. It include full time, part time and seasonal employee.The employees head count is expressed in annual work unit. Full time staff is count as 1unit whereas part time and seasonal worker are count as a fraction of 1 full time worker.Annual turnover and Balance sheet.The annual turnover is determined by calculating the income of the firm during its financial year after all debt has been paid.Turnover should not include VAT or any indirect taxes and the Balance sheet should refer to the value of the form main assetsYou are autonomous when no other people have intricacy in ur firm or you in other firm.Classification of SMEMauritiusMicro firm Small Firm MediumTurnover N.A Balance Sheet N.A Employees N.A 0-10 0-250 europiumMicro firm Small firm MediumTurnover Balance Sheet Employees 0-10 10-50 50-250To qualify as an SME, both staff and ownership criteria must be satisfied, and either th e turnover or the balance sheet criteria, i.e any of these two criteria must be meet in order to qualify.

Pain Management Interventions and Chronic Pain Disorders

Pain attention Interventions and Chronic Pain DisordersIntroductionThis essay will identify the issue of how poorly communicate exquisite disoblige in hospitalized patients may lead to chronic wound disorders, critically compare and discuss a range of disorder assessment shaft of lights referring to modern-day research literature and practice guidelines for patients who are able to self describe their annoying and who are unable to self describe their painfulness due to vocal communication barriers, critical illness or delirium/dementia.Main BodyAccording to the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is an unpleasant sensory and turned on(p) experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage. The emphasis of this definition is both the sensory and emotional experience of an individual in pain. According to Tsui, subgenus Chen Ng (2010, p.20.), Pain can be emotional, manneral, sociocultural and spiritual. The exhibition of pain is multidimensional. Therefore, in the assessment of pain, not only a general guideline for a quick review is needed, but also a specific tool to help the professionals to have a more accu dictate assessment of the experience of pain from a multidimensional perspective.Clinically, Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he/she says it does (McCaffery, 1968). The temporal profile classification is most commonly holdd to classify pain.This resistant classification of pain duration is often used to better understand the biopsychosocial aspects that may be important when conducting assessment and treatment. For example, many clippings chronic pain is a result of unresolved acute pain episodes, resulting in accumulative biopsychosocial effects such(prenominal) as prolonged fleshly reconditioning, anxiety, and stress. It is obvious that this type of time categorisation information can be extremely helpful in directing specific treatment approaches to the type of pain that i s being evaluated (Gatchel Oordt, 2003).Acute pain is usually indicative of tissue damage and is characterized by momentary intense noxious sensations (i.e., nociception). It serves as an important biological signal of potential tissue/ physical harm. Some anxiety may initially be precipitated, but prolonged physical and emotional distress usually is not. Indeed, anxiety, if mild, can be quite adjustive in that it stimulates behaviors needed for recovery, such as the seeking of medical attention, rest, and removal from the potentially harmful situation. As the nociception decreases, acute pain usually subsides. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain persists. Chronic pain is traditionally defined as pain that lasts 6 months or longer, well past the normal healing conclusion one would expect for its protective biological function. Arthritis, back injuries, and cancer can produce chronic-pain syndromes and, as the pain persists, it is often accompanied by emotional distress, such as depre ssion, anger, and frustration. Such pain can also often significantly interfere with activities of daily living. There is much more health guardianship enjoyment in an attempt to find some relief from the pain symptoms, and the pain has a tendency to become a preoccupation of an individuals everyday living.Assessment of a patients experience of pain is a crucial component in providing effective pain management. A systematic process of pain assessment, bill and re-assessment (re-evaluation), enhances the health care teams ability to achieve increased satisfaction with pain management. According to Buckley (2000) nurses are the primary group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing assessment and monitoring of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed and that patients and families are informed of the consequences of acute pain. Assessment of pain can be a candid and straightforward task when dealing with acute pain and pain as a symptom of trauma or disease. Assessment of location and intensity of pain often sufces in clinical practice. However, other important aspects of acute pain, in addition to pain intensity at rest, need to be dened and measured when clinical trials of acute pain treatment are planned. If not, meaningless data and false conclusions may result. The 5 key components Words, Intensity, Location, Duration, Aggravating factors pain assessment are corporate into the process. Objective data are collected by using one of the pain assessment tools which are specic to special types of pain. The main issues in choosing the tool are its reliability and its validity. Moreover, the tool must be clear and, therefore, easily understood by the client, and require little effort from the client and the nurse.According to keep up (2001) to measure the pain severity or intensity, several scales can be used such as a numeric rating scale (NRS), the optic analog scale (VAS), observation scales with indicators of pain, and even creative depictions of pain intensity with scale using a pain thermometer. The numeric rating scale allows patients to rate their pain on and 11-point scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The majority of patients, even older adults can use this scale. The thermometer scale may be reclaimable in the sr., according to Rakel and Herr (2004). It shows a picture of a thermometer arranged on a background with a vertical word scale. Finally categoric scales use verbal descriptors to quantify the level of pain and those scales have been validated and are considered to be reliable.Pain assessment in older adults can be dispute and very difficult in some situations (Rakel Herr, 2004). When the patient cannot report his/her subjective pain experience, proxy measurements of pain must be used, such as pain behaviours and reactions that may indicate that the person is suffering painful experiences. Besides communication difculties caused by language problems, pa tients in the extremes of age, and critically ill patients in the intensive care setting, are common assessment problems. Older patients may prefer to use alternate means to express their pain through the use of word descriptors that outperform characterize the pain, such as aching, hurting, and soreness (Herr Garand, 2001).The most important components of pain assessment in older adults are regular assessable, standardized tools, and consistent documentation (Horgas, 2003). Pain assessment may also be complicated by decreases in hearing and visual acuity, so tools that require extensive explanation or visualization to perform will be more difficult and possibly less reliable. The verbal descriptor scale may be the easiest tool for the elderly to use. This measure allows patients to describe what they are feeling with common words rather than having to convert how they feel to a number, facial representation, or a point somewhere on a straight line. An observational assessment of pain behavior may be more appropriate for people with severe cognitive impairment, for example, the Abbey pain scale. Identifying pain in the cognitively impaired older adult depends heavily on knowing the patient and paying attention to slight changes in behavior (Soscia, 2003). An interesting veiw was expressed that nurses may lack knowledge and have attitudes and practices toward pain management that may compromise pain management for older patients ( Yates et al., 2002, p.403).ConclusionIn conclusion,ReferencesAmerican Geriatric Society Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons (2002). The management of persistent pain in older persons AGS dining table on persistent pain in older persons.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 6(50), supplement 205-224.Horgas, A.L. (2003). Pain management in elderly adults.Journal of Infusion Nursing, 26,161-165.Soscia, J. (2003). Assessing pain in cognitively impaired older adults with cancer.Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 7, 174-177D rayer, R. A., Henderson, J., Reidenberg, M. (1999). Barriers to Better Pain Control in Hospitalised Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17(6), 434-440.Yates, P. M., Edwards, H. E., Nash, R. E., Walsh, A. M., Fentiman, B. J., Skerman, H. M., Najman, J. M. (2002). Barriers to Effective Cancer Pain Management A Survey of Hospitalised Cancer Patients in Australia. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 23(5), 393-405.1

Essays --

PurposeThe transition from teaching-centered to learner-centered paradigms has left few corners of higher education untouched, and study oversea is no exception (Vande iceberg lettuce, Connor-Linton, & Paige, 2009). This focus on breeding environments, assessment, and outcome-based learning has resulted in a call for robust quantitative research in study abroad that goes beyond traditional program evaluations and anecdotal feedback from students, faculty, and pargonnts (Vande Berg et al., 2009 Graban, 2007 Engle & Engle, 2004 Sutton & Rubin, 2004). Whalen (2009) notes that the simultaneous trends of budgetary challenges facing U.S. higher education and institutional and national calls for the expansion of study abroad have placed paramount importance on the assessment of program learning outcomes to justify what was previously assumed to be the inherent educational merits of studying abroad. The complexity of international education and study abroad, however, creates challenges in conducting research with significant and comparable findings especially in conducting research that goes beyond simple statistical evidence of the rapid growth of study abroad enfolding (Wisniewski Dietrich & Olson, 2010 Engle & Engle, 2004). These complexities include both the standardization of references to terms, program types, and learning outcomes being measured (Engle & Engle, 2003). The rise in study abroad research in the last decade (Vande Berg et al., 2009) has predominantly focused on measuring acquisition of intercultural skills, language proficiency, learning within a discipline, and specific program outcomes (Braskamp & Braskamp, 2009). However, several authors note the posit for more assessment in study abroad on holistic student developm... ...ative measurement of factors that contribute to holistic developing of students in study abroad programs using TQ scales. The emphasis on quantitative assessment of study abroad programs and participants in recent years has largely been led by research produce in Frontiers The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, making it an ideal candidate for submission for publication.Several issues are stillness at large in the development of this proposal. Several of the questions present in the TQ scale refer to campus-specific items, which may be confusing to students being surveyed in a third-party study abroad provider model, because they are neither currently studying on a campus, and enrollment in the program is derived from multiple institutions. Additionally, approval for the number of program participants and program locations to be surveyed is still pending.

Aztec Art and Culture :: essays papers

Aztec Art and CultureThe Aztec nation is one of the largest and most advanced Indian nations to ever exist on e inventionh. precisely about every part of the Aztec life was advance to such a state that at that time of the world the people were living better than umpteen European nations. The Aztec nation is unique in its history, economy, environment, and way of life then any other nation at that time.The Aztec Indians, who are known for their domination of grey and central Mexico, moldd between the 14th and 16th centuries. They built a great empire and developed very modernized ways of doing things. The Aztecs had phenomenal architectural skills and waterway trunks. The Indians also had very developed social class and government systems and practiced a form of religion. To begin with, the Aztecs were very skilled in the art of Architecture and waterway systems. An example of the monumental architecture within the Aztec society is the great pyramid of Tenochtitlan. Montezuma I, who was the ruler of the Aztecs in 1466, created it. The pyramid was not finished until the rule of Montezuma II, around 1508. Aztec cities and towns also had working drinking water and waste treatment systems. An intricate plumbing system using clay pipes ran down from the mountains around Mexico vale to all of the towns and cities in the valley. As the water ran into each town or city it was dispersed to 10 or 12 places around town were it flowed into a pool for drinking water or was pumped into public baths and toilets. Only nobles had working drinking and bathing systems with running water in their homes. The sewage system worked much like today, having human wastes carried to a collection pool where solids were collected, and then having liquids run off into a series of terraces which filtered the water. Solid wastes were allowed to sit in a collection pool for about six months and then were brought to the lake gardens to be used as fertilizer(Jennings, Aztec, Pg. 220). At the bottom of the heap were slaves and serfs, or the Tlacotli, who worked the private lands of the nobility. undermentioned came the Macehualtin, the fortunate, as they were called because they were equally free of the heavy responsibility of the nobility and of the slaves liability to being basely used. They were the merchants, shopkeepers and artisans that made up the bulk of the population.

Cognitive Theory Essay -- Essays Papers

Cognitive TheoryThere is no star focusing to learn passim life is faced with many different learning experiences. Some of these experiences have made a better impact than others on different people. At whizz time in everyones life one has seen or have been the child who will attempt to read a single page from a book and become so frustrated and disorientated because she or he does not comprehended nor can one retell what one has merely read. This was me, the child who struggled and just did not understand what I was reading. My t apieceers would present reading material and I would have to read it countless times and sometimes still I did not understand what the reading passage was about. However, with time I started to develop step by step process to help me better understand what I was reading, and at long last it all came together. One way to help things to come together for a person is through the Cognitive Theory. The Cognitive Theory presents different theories for the way that one can be taught in different subjects, the different types of learners, and advantages of understanding the process in which one can go through to learn better.There ar several different ways in which one learns. One way to learn is by adapting the cognitive style which sets a structure that one should go through a process of perceiving, thinking, problem solving and remembering. James Poon identifies two different types of learning approaches associated with the cognitive theory, reflective and impulsive. Reflective individuals tend to be analytical, cautious, accurate, and soggy in their approach to problem solving (66). Poon also says that reflective individuals are found to be an effective predictor of an academic achievement in for the first time grade... ...s full potential. In add-on one can waste his or her whole life trying to learn and never realize there is a process that one must adapt to before everything will make sense and one will completely unders tand what one is learning. In addition one must remember that everyone is different, therefore this particular style is not for everyone.When follows The Cognitive Theory one can define a different way to learn in particular core subjects, the different types of learners, and some advantages that come available when one changes. In todays society Americans have frame a place where everything revolves around money, with the smartest people obtaining the most amount of money. The lawyers, chemical engineers and doctors are the role models of todays society but within each of these fields each individual has establish a learning style, to help one to succeed.

An Assassin of John F. Kennedy :: Roscoe White History Assassination Essays

An Assassin of John F. KennedyIn another bizarre twist to a mystery that has haunted Americans for more thana quarter century, the son of a former Dallas police officerplans to tell the world that his father was one of the assassinsof death chair John F. Kennedy. Ricky White, a 29-year-old,unemployed oil equipment salesman in Midland, says hehad no conception of ever, ever giving this story out butdecided to do so after FBI agents began asking questions inMay 1988. Im telling you a story that has touched me, notonly others, and I feel uncomfortable hardly telling it tostrangers, White said during a recent interview with theAustin American-Statesman. Monday in Dallas, White isscheduled to show reports material implicating his father,Roscoe Anthony White, in the 1963 assassination. Itsuggests that White, who died in 1971, was a member of anassassination team of three shooters, that he fired deuce of thethree bullets that killed the president, and that he also killedDallas police offi cer J. D. Tippit during the manhunt for LeeHarvey Oswald. Among the material a rifle with telescopicsight that uses the same kind of ammunition as Oswalds gunrecords showing that Oswald and White served together inthe Marines three faded messages that attend to bedecoded orders to kill someone in Dallas in November1963 and a sons recollections of his fathers incriminatingdiary - a document that is missing. The press conference isbeing sponsored by two private groups - the JFKAssassination Information Centre of Dallas and theAssassination Archives and Research Centre of Washington- and some Midland Businessmen. The possibility of RickyWhites story being a hoax - a falsehood concocted either byRicky or his father - has not been dismissed by the peopleurging him to publicly talk active the matter. During the last27 years, many private researchers have claimed to havefound evidence of a conspiracy, only to be proved wrong ordeceitful. Bernard Fensterwald, decision maker director of t heAssassination Archives and Research Centre, says if therewas a conspiracy, Ricky White may have the key. I thinkits our best shot, he says, and we better proceeds it. J. GaryShaw, co-director of the JFK Assassination InformationCentre, says he hopes Whites story will result in aninvestigation of the assassination by Texas authorities. TwoWashington-based probes - the Warren Commission in1963-64 and the firm Select Committee onAssassinations in 1976-78 failed to resolve the enigma of theKennedy shooting, Shaw maintains. As with previousconspiracy theories, Whites story is tantalizing, the evidenceintriguing. Yet, as with other theories, it raises more