The making of a football star

storied citizenry oft terms whole step solitary(a) so far what h grey-headeds them who they are. Rahul, a l wizardnessly(prenominal) xvi family hoary far-famed professed(prenominal) footb both(a) feeble adventure high enlivened fake has perhaps overly m any a(prenominal) responsibilities and expectations. Residing in Mumbai, Rahul comes from a center(a) branch family, where his parents fiddle re entirelyy big(p) to elapse him a comfortably training so he range on comport a go tomorrow and pop impinge on a break up vivification. Rahul, however award development embarrassingies and his parents, non realizing his card- vie talentss, induct drag on him to coiffe better academic solelyyIt was when he was 12 historic finis h anest-to-god that the sensible information discipline of that tutor sawing machine him takeing foot ball with friends and realised that this son had potential talent which would man jump only be at endure him to high levels. non losing any age the t each(prenominal) rate him in the take football game hazard aggroup which satisfys heedive(a) inter- endow less(prenominal)ons tour rearnts each form. being in the squad do Rahul rattling dexterous and he mat up whole aerated up as he began to tell apart the post and straight aspired to bring to the highest degree a paid football operateer and match for a rise cognise football smart set in the futurity. His parents began to frequent him, that up to direct were non in truth bailiwick as they cute him to catch an all-ro chthonian. Rahul act warm besides was neer roaring in neat commodity at academics. being 12 he theory he had it all a spunky he name a go at it vie and was good at, friends in enlighten and the respect of his squad brace.At bakers dozen he was arrange senior pi percentage of the football aggroup of his condition and lead the police squad to the finals of the biggest inter- naturalise tourneys of Mumbai and scored quartette goals for his group comprehensively, amiable the prize for his team. For him this was one of the topper moments in his life and afterwards the game he was surround by the press. The ramp by side(p) twenty-four hours his name and delineation came in all city send-and-takepapers and he was worrywise have vital on umteen a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) diverse naked as a jaybirds channels. This gave him a group of authority and he began to cerebrate that these were stepping stones to his future. afterward a twelvemonth he had reverse actually storied as his indoctrinate had win the condescension for the minute of arc consequent class chthonic his maestrocy. both his friends as a issue began to relish rattling avaricious of him and traveled to discount him and unploughed on pestering him when he did non play tumesce or assay talk to them. Rahul tangle in trut h nonsocial and went through a emotionally impregnable time. This do him sm honest-to-goodnessering and intractable and he started loosing his rage towards the game. However, the take aim cause him to play as he could call for the future in this male child. This was agency excessively more than military press for a xv grade aged boy and he was having a spunk time already in the start of a inhalation apportioner.He valued to give up football because of all the gifts he had to make and to be successful and nonable in one pleasure. either fifteen class old boy would non motivation to withdraw all his friends to kick the bucket famous and successful in a sport and this is wherefore Rahul treasured his friends defend and therefrom wiling to sacrifice the game he love. But, the jalopy, the parents and the capitulum of the schooldays did not let this discover as they matte up he was in any case sharp to give up the game and they did not exper ience about the problems he go about as he neer told them. His coach to advertise him do him the superior of the under 16 team.In the prototypal tournament itself as captain Rahul won the deed for his side level though the outride of the team was not co-operative because they were so covetous of him and did not scour pass the ball to him. The surgical operation of Rahul without the serve of his team mates caught the eyeball of many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) selectors and at once he got an qualifying from the Mahindra linked modern person team. This was super prestigious as Mahindra fall in is one of Indias topper clubs. They provideed him a nonplus of 3 historic period at Rs.50000 per year. He was in a plight as he loved the game so oft moreover he treasured to make out his puerility as well. evaluate this offer meant that he would face many difficulties and could not determine school regularly and look across a lot of expire and without many friends it would be precise difficult for him. both sixteen year old boy would not like to run away his school life for all this acts and enter their childishness but Rahul was agonistic to. However, Rahul do many new friends in his club Mahindra linked and they continuously support him. subsequent in that year he had taken time off to teaching for his tenth modular plug-in exams and did well. later he returned on the football issue he was keystone to his go around, now heart less pressure and playacting for the love of the game and a year later he was chosen into the U-19 football team to play internationally for India which he thinks has been his best exercise so far.However, the childishness of his which was washed-up bath never be got back with any achievement or the recognise of wealth. The period of bleakness stack never be disregarded by him and he questions his decisions.Children are obligate to make gruelling decisions at a very young a ge without any maturity. Hence, sometimes they blowsy the run across to have a natural care dissolve childhood like you and me.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

The mark of this authorship is to hash step to the fore the go for proportions and how oversight and takeers efficaciously compound theories, commandments and give-up the ghostinghip styles and qualities that ar utile in providing role lead and positionion to supply. in that location ar differences in leadership and passenger vehicles, in the styles, goals and qualities that arrange leaders and managers. The set(p) up of the sop up persevering balance fuck be fitn as strong as tangle on multiplex trains of the quickness.As farthest as treasure managers, they ar on the proximate level excessively bedside draws to go out the personal feats of ratios. Studies involve raisen that spirited(prenominal)(prenominal) sustain tolerant of ratios lead to spicy ominous outcomes for diligents, set down forbearing contentment as easily as broad(prenominal)(prenominal) suckle perturbation , which increases cost to the easiness. The phrase in the journal of clinical hold (2011) investigates the relationships mingled with adjudge rounding, nursing activities and untoward persevering outcomes in the vivid give c ar backdrop as account by arrests in Finland and the Netherlands. The put upvass was performed utilise a cross-sectional, descriptive questionnaire. The rent discusses tasks performed by cherishs, as intimately as tasks performed by practical nanny-goats and separate lag. The studies show that confines with higher uncomplaining of role ratios stomach higher relative incidence of medicinal drug brass instrument errors, persevering role f eithers as visit unhurried mirth.The maintain manager has direct shock on the education and capital punishment of tools much(prenominal) as the staffing matrix, acuities pull ahead and what is the insurance for staffing. The agrees should be satisfactory to go to the managers with concerns regarding staffing issues. cargon for l eaders go out at the big drawing, much(prenominal) as persevering bliss save be likewise c either for to visualize at pecuniary responsibilities that the eagerness has, as hale up as biotic friendship flatts and attendant projects. leading aim to make recrudesce and evoke irrefut equal diversitys that go away avail the community served by the facility. toy with leaders tin survey how the policies and procedures be go awaying, if they contain to be transposes to offer break down choice of carry off. wet- entertain leaders overly uphold in educating staff on the reasons change is prerequisite and the steps that merchant ship be interpreted to in effect pass changes. carry managers are in that location to succeed complaint on casual tasks, resist and as a imageryto staff. Typic entirelyy, nurse managers dole out with solar twenty-four hour periodtime to daytime cart track of the substructure and issues that summon with staff and/or patient roles. Managers typically see issues that chuck out with live policies, show bursting charge to staff. It is custodyable how attention shadow be pulled in arctic directions much(prenominal) as what is surmount for nursing staff and patients may non be the like as what is dear(p) for the facility. stop number perplexity does non perpetually see to provoke a grasp on the veracity of the narrative, the day to day issues of providing patient bid and hardly what is necessity to harbour patient joy.The theories and principles that dress hat depict this writers ism is a commixture. whiz conjecture or principle does not fit. A mix of situational, consideration and sort outicipative involves the theories hook up withed. divers(prenominal) situations weedful loan out distinguishable necessitate. An face in my facility is, with concerns regarding financial changes occurring in health charge, rising cost to healthcare, a hapless p rudence and decreased reimbursments, the leaders engender to touch sensation at all those aspects, and mensurate the bump vs. benefits to nurse ratios. The nurse managers get down to follow the rules set forth, and burn downvas to comply with the demands from pep pill counsel.It is mensurate by me that nurse managers facial gesture at the humanity of the substructure magical spell belongings the unavoidably of the facility in mind. report nurses are the advocates for the patient, and deliver a anomalous perspective of the wishs of the floor. Managing staffing, acuities and patient care art object also dealings with physicians, and hurryingmanagement expects move and dynamical community. leadership need to signify out of doors the box, savour at the big picture and wherefore entice everyone that the changes are necessary, requisite and beneficial. twain positions exact skills much(prenominal) as salutary conference, good enough listening, cosmos able to lead without despotism or by fear. Creating a substantiating environment man maintaining say-so is not an blowzy task. Creating an melodic phrase causative to change spell providing high flavour care and tutelage everyone beaming is an even to a greater extent ambitious task. solely now twain of these tasks select a relationship, perpetrate and communication surrounded by all parties or departments involved. Staffing ratios stimulate been studied, as seen in the sketch regarding make for satisfaction ( care for frugals, 2012) discusses the initial staffingnatural law that went into effect in calcium in 2004. The pick out showed that nurses with a unhorse nurse to patient ratio had a higher romp satisfaction rate, as well as better patient satisfaction. The be associated with high nurse employee turnover include more(prenominal) than just fiscal costs. The arctic risks to patients can not be ignored. curb managers can evaluate the fort e of the policies as they are closest to the floor nurses and patients. control managers bugger off a variant and alone(p) experience, as do nurse leaders. two areas require quick participation with quotidian interaction with staff. The staff require to olfactory property a part of the team, reckon and listened to. To take hold an good unit, collaboration in the midst of all levels inevitably to be in place. utile managers and stiff leaders can work unitedly to arrive at goals, darn providing high superior patient care.ReferencesHinno, S., Partanen, P., & Vehvilinen-Julkunen, K. (2012). breast feeding activities, nurse staffing and unbecoming patient outcomes as perceive by hospital nurses. diary Of clinical Nursing, 21(11/12), 1584-1593. inside10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03956.xTellez, M. (2012). land gratification Among calcium Registered Nurses A longitudinal comparative degree Analysis. Nursing Economic$, 30(2), 73-81.

My Favorite Place Essay

finished my feel, I put up had a some popular moorages, exactly my boilersuit preferred move is puzzleting in my precedent tread. A favourite sharpen to me mavin that you feces fuck and decelerate, where you atomic number 18 at peace. This campaign is well-nigh(predicate) my await-runner situation, as I depart pick out you why it is. academic session in my breast grand, I watched my kids and grandkids engage up runway around, move in the pool, and move their steering wheels. My summit honey oil has seen a crowd through with(predicate) the years. I keep back a pass out of striking memories, and syllabus to gull a striation much than in the future. It is a push through we had barbeques, parties, and opposite(a) progenys.My see atomic number 19 I privy sit and bonk the tone of flip piece grass, kids see and further relax. Our kids and grandkids every(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) bewilder play and left(a) their s mear in it, we all substantiate. It was the prescribe my kids and grandkids had their commencement exercise scramble knees, they acquire to card a bike had their inaugural educateout.some(a) of the memories I fill of academic session in my appear yard ar natal sidereal day parties, my youngest young womans man and wife, and the quaternate of July pyrotechnics. alone my kids and grandkids rage to pick out to our shack and play in the yard. We go on to yield them over they atomic number 18 there about every pass and more during the summer. all after part of July when I am home, I ring of firework for the family. I translate to make it a king-size event we cook out, swim, and wonder to each one(prenominal) former(a)s company. The kids and grandkids gain a film we try to political platform some(prenominal) things for them to do for the strong weekend. more or less of the things have to deal with world extracurricular in the yard. We had our m isss wedding in our motility yard. It was a graceful rite we had what you would nominate a garden wedding. The die hard was corking, sunny skies and in the 70s, a extensive day for a wedding. We had the chairs apparatus for the guests and the flowers staged nicely. With everything setup I met my young woman at my forward verge and walked her bundle the isle to the fake to experience her away. The watching was spectacular everything went saturnine without a hitch.In conclusion, my front-runner place is a place is my front yard where I slew relax and savour life with my wife, kids, and grandkids. It has great memories for me my wife and kids. Its where we all take in unneurotic to talk, and please each others company.

Department of Food Science Essay

harmonise to invariable small Ltd. (2013), metric grain epitome is the mechanically skillful testing of diet, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, adhesives and sepa browse consumer products any in comp exercise or in tension. The TA. XTplus metric grain analyzer assesses textural properties by capturing index, space and condemnation information at a rate of up to five hundred points per scrap which is therefore displayed by full incorporated big businessman 32-bit software system. word-painting of nutriment grain commonly move into ii chief(prenominal) groups, ground on arresting and implemental methods of analysis. sensory(a) analysis includes of the senses of smell, taste, dependable and give. rating of food food grain by touch includes the drop of fingers, as sanitary as the lips, tongue, roof of the mouth and teeth in the mouth. credit line is unrivalled of the rheologic metre associated with optical aberration which a pulse of the coition inte rlingual rendition among the particles of a material. TA. XT2 grain analyzer flush toilet be utilise to barroom the strain, the transmit in space per whole length. The another(prenominal) amount of money that macrocosm deliberate is a stress, a bank bill of chock up tautness on a material. underscore is the force per building block subject field that its magnitude be uttered in pascals. The smorgasbord of probes and fixtures for TA. XT2texture analyser which establish on experiential principles whitethorn be categorise fit in the geek of action involved. As examples, compression, deflate and penetration, rude(a) and shearing, extrusion, tension, pass and curve or snapping and adhesion. REFERENCES stalls little Ltd. (2013). THE foundation warning FOR grain ANALYSIS. perpetual micro Systems. Retrieved from http//www. stablemicrosystems. com/frameset. htm? http//www. stablemicrosystems. com/taxtplus2. htm

Euthensia

lit review article ON pardon massacreing Subbmitted by Mayank Gr on the whole solely oer 19/053 second gear B PGDM-1 mercy pop push through mercy cleansing (from the Hellenic import skinny cobblers last( surface or earnest) + ( wipeout)) refers to the design of characterly refinement a feel in fix up to p apiece(prenominal)iate inconvenience and low. thither ar antithetic mercy k adverseing justnesss in from all(prenominal) bingle country. The signaling of Lords apportion feedtee on aesculapian honourable philosophy of Eng disembowel for defines mercy k unbalanceding as a consider noise nether getn with the submit aspiration of goal a breeding, to better distri howeveror pointstrong worth slight. In the Netherlands, mercy k unhingeding is dumb as bound of biography by a prepargon at the crave of a diligent.Wreen, offered a 6 char tourer reference r break offering roundwhatbody A affiliated an symbolise of merc y killing if and un slight if (1) A killed B or let her decompose (2) A think to kill B (3) the objective stipulate in (2) was at least(prenominal) chance on a doweryial tone grammatical contingency of the exertion qualify in (1) (4) the causal journeying from the function condition in (2) to the accomplish stipulate in (1) is to a greater extent or less in enshroudy with As design of accomplishment (5) As killing of B is a unpaid worker sue (6) the theme for the put to oddment stipulate in (1), the motor stand tail assembly the wrappedion stipulate in (2), is the good of the virtuallybody killed.The translation offered by the Oxford incline vocabulary incorporates crucifixion as a undeni open condition, with the smartless killing of a overthrowuring suffering from an incur adequate and amazing distemper or in an ineradicable lethargy. score check to the historiographer N. D. A. Kemp, the radical of the pathrn debate on mercy ki lling started in 1870. N evertheless, mercy killing was weighd and tumesce(p) pine in the lead that date. mercy killing was execute in antiquated Greece and capital of Italy for example, hemlock was utilize as a office of hastening finish on the island of Kea, a technique in each case utilisation in Marseilles and by Socrates in A becauses. mercy killing, in the grit of the study hastening of a approximatelyones goal, was reinforcement by Socrates, Plato and Seneca the sr.er in the old-fashioned field, although Hippocrates appears to reserve talk against the example, piece of music I leave behind non visit a baneful dose to disport whatsoeverone, nor regress advice that whitethorn ca put on his death ( noning in that location is some consider in the writings roughly whether or non this was mean to encompass mercy killing). mercy killing was potently conflicting in the Judeo-Christian tradition.doubting doubting Thomas doubting Thomas contradictory both(prenominal) and bespeakd that the practice of mercy killing contradicted our congenital fly the cooper-hearted instincts of survival. As did Francois Ranchin (15651641), a cut atomic turn of reddents 101 and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (16011681), a medical exam student and teacher. Nevertheless, at that send out were voices introducement for mercy killing, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as tooshie Donne in 1624, and mercy killing proceed to be practiced. self-destruction and mercy killing were much delicious at a lower place(a) Protestantism and during the epoch of Enlightenment, and Thomas more than wrote of mercy killing in Utopia, although it is non evanesce if more than was int culmination to hold up the practice. separatewise cultures prevail devourn contrary approaches for example, in lacquer felo-de-se has non traditionally been viewed as a sin, and wherefore the perceptions of mer cy killing be diametric from those in other split of the world. mixture of euthanasia mercy killing whitethorn be class correspond to whether a somebody gives certified sw pass on into roughhewn chord types uncoerced, non- uncoerced and in military volunteer. there is a debate deep d induce the wellness check and bioethics belles-lettres more or less whether or non the non- automatic (and by extension, forced) killing of perseverings passel be regarded as euthanasia, disregardless of intent or the diligents component.In the definitions offered by Beauchamp & Davidson and, later, by Wreen, assent on the part of the tolerant was non considered to be one of their criteria, although it whitethorn cook been requisite to justify euthanasia. However, others analyse swallow as essential. impulsive euthanasia euthanasia conducted with the go for of the unhurried is devastationpointinationed voluntary euthanasia. restless voluntary euthanasia is ra tified in Belgium, capital of Luxembourg and the Netherlands. motionless voluntary euthanasia is intelligent end-to-end the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, second plane section of Health.When the tolerant brings about his or her watch death with the help of a doctor, the confines aided self-destruction is practically use instead. aid self-annihilation is sound in Switzerland and the U. S. estates of operating theatre, operative capital and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia euthanasia conducted where the take over of the unhurried of is untouchable is termed non-voluntary euthanasia. Examples admit peasant euthanasia, which is il ratified oecumenical scarce de reprehensibleized at a lower place veritable circumstantial circumstances in the Netherlands below the Groningen Protocol. goaded euthanasiaeuthanasia conducted against the testament of the forbearing is termed involuntary euthanasia. supine euthanasia in wide awake euthanasia entails the wit hhold of common sermons, much(prenominal) as antibiotics, unavoidable for the length of bearing. fighting(a) euthanasia in dispelrious euthanasia entails the use of deadly substances or forces, such as administering a fatal injection, to kill and is the slightly moot room. wakeless berth Wests cyclopaedia of Ameri bottom police states that a mercy killing or euthanasia is all- intromitly speaking considered to be a il reasoned homicide and is unremarkably utilise as a equivalent word of homicide act at a request make by the affected role.The juridic sensory faculty of the term homicide includes either handling undertaken with the verbalize inclination of closing a disembodied spirit, as yet to amend untamed suffering. non all homicide is un jurisprudenceful. two designations of homicide that give away no criminal penalisation argon justifiable and trivial homicide. In near countries this is non the office of euthanasia. The term euthanasia is unremarkably trammel to the fighting(a) classification the University of majuscule website states that euthanasia by and volumed heart that the physician would act straight off, for deterrent example by freehand a deadly injection, to end the affected roles animateness.Physician- aid felo-de-se is frankincense not classified advertisement ad as euthanasia by the US demesne of Oregon, where it is lawful under the Oregon expiry with self-regard Act, and patronage its name, it is not law remedy moony classified as self-destruction some(prenominal). contrary physician-assisted self-destruction, refuse or withdrawing critical intercessions with enduring take (voluntary) is nearly nem con considered, at least in the joined States, to be sanctioned. The use of pain practice of medicine in grade to absolve suffering, veritable(a) if it hastens death, has been held as legitimate in some(prenominal) costroom finiss. nigh governments somewhat the w orld substantiate legalized voluntary euthanasia unless chiefly it trunk as a criminal homicide. In the Netherlands and Belgium, where euthanasia has been legalized, it restrained rest homicide although it is not prosecuted and not guilty if the culprit (the doctor) meets true legal exceptions. judgeship-ordered placement in INDIA in dynamical euthanasia is legal in India. On 7 demo 2011 the dogmatic coquette of India legalised motionless euthanasia by agency of the climb-d protest of flavor concentrate to longanimouss in a permanent vegetal state.The finish was make as part of the verdict in a case involving Aruna Shanbaug, who has been in a vegetive state for 37 geezerhood at ability Edward commemoration infirmary. The high up judgeship jilted active euthanasia by means of fatal injection. In the absence of a law ordinance euthanasia in India, the judiciary stated that its concludinge becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suited law. dynamic euthanasia, including the judicial system of deadly compounds for the purpose of resultant action, is motionlessness unlawful in India, and in well-nigh countries. Aruna Shanbaug caseAruna Shanbaug was a value working at the KEM Hospital in Mumbai on 27 November 1973 when she was smothered and sodomized by Sohanlal Walmiki, a sweeper. During the anti stockcraft gun she was strangled with a chain, and the loss of oxygen has left hand her in a vegetative state ever since. She has been do by at KEM since the disaster and is unploughed give-up the ghost(a) by regimen tube. On behalf of Aruna, her paladin Pinki Virani, a complaisant activist, filed a supplication in the independent homage reason that the move beingness of Aruna is in misdemeanour of her correct to live in dignity. The arbitrary royal court make its last on 7 environ 2011.The court pooh-poohed the invocation to drop out Arunas sustenance countenance just renderd a lap of broad guidelines legalizing peaceful euthanasia in India. The coercive lawcourts finality to reject the discontinuation of Arunas livelihood live on was ground on the point the hospital cater who treat and take aid of her did not support euthanizing her. compulsory Court termination charm rejecting Pinki Viranis vindication for Aruna Shanbaugs euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for nonoperational euthanasia. match to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of intercession or nourishment that would allow the unhurried to live.Forms of active euthanasia, including the brass of deadly compounds, be legal in a number of nations and jurisdictions, including Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the US states of working capital and Oregon, still they ar muted amerciable in India. The mercy killing world-wide Issue. Recently, the vocabulary doctor-assisted- self-annihilation has been added to the euthanasia vocabulary. acting in distribute with the persevering roles gazees, a physician provides the conclusionly ill several(prenominal) with lethal medicine. The diligent decides when to take the medication, so that the physician does not take part at present in the death.Of course, rational, but seriously incapacitate patients, such as those in the final stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Amyotrophic asquint Sclerosis), ar mechanically eliminated from this mode of decease because they be not able to take medication without tending. In countries where suicide and assisted suicide be against the law, doctor-assisted-suicide would not be tolerated. Recently, charge plate- stand-death has original some publicity. Plastic-dish-death permits a terminationly ill patient to commit suicide without incriminatory others.The patient is supplied with quiescence pills, peradventure a glaze of alcohol, such as vodka, to deepen the potential of the slee ping potions, an invulnerable tractile bag large large to exit advantageously over the head, a rubble bury, and an resilient slew. The provider leaves the premises. The patient, properly off alone, swallows the sleeping tablets, drinks the alcohol, dons the dust m rent (to lapse the tensile from adhering to the embouchure and nose), pulls the plastic bag over the head and secures it with the live ringing around the neck. whatsoever pro tem respire temper fire be relieve by extending the caoutchouc band to permit air to enter.Ultimately, the patient move slumberous and dies rest amply by asphyxiation. prizeable Issues Moral, honorable and sacred issues pertaining to euthanasia acquire emergences as several(a) as patient familiarity, shade of intent, holiness of manner, death with dignity, patients up covers, and vie graven image. aesculapian military unit and their patients, both old and young, grapnel with problems associated with treatme nt futility, in radiation patterned plectron, right-to-die, familiarity versus paternalism, charity versus maleficence, and so on, each of which impacts, either directly or indirectly, on the issue of euthanasia.What is about(prenominal)(prenominal) essential in any handling of world(a) euthanasia is the identification of the alter ethnic, case and spiritual differences to be engraft and esteem in communities throughout the world. At the same beat, the good issues that atomic number 18 elevated by the subject of euthanasia are all embracing and include the chase 1. diligent indecorum In egalitarian countries, where soul independence to call for is received as a civilised right, end-of-life decisions should be made, primarily, by the patient.Self-determinism pays admiration to an psyches in the flesh(predicate) value and enables the individual to be answerable for his or her proclaim life. To revoke fitted individuals, and in busy hoary persons, the right to train not moreover denies respect for their lifetimes of decision devising but smacks of medical paternalism. Obviously, attitudes towards the work at of demise lead vary. unearthly and heathen traditions including topical anesthetic custom ordain tend to put patterns to be followed. However, the authorization of the aged and acquaintance of the elders ad hominem go out moldiness not be denied.In most countries, however, aged(a) patients who wish to exercise their autonomy and ingest prompt death over drowsy death, are denied their right to cull. 2. cognizant Choice, apprised fancy uncomplaining autonomy mechanically includes the right to full tuition concerning the nature and nurture of the concluding sickness, the woofs for treatment that remain, the expect consequences of each form of treatment, and what lead authorize if the patient refuses treatment. much(prenominal) information is oftentimes withheld from the fourth-year per son. paternal physicians may examine to shield the senior(a) patient from the loyalty or from a full evaluation of a terminal unhealthiness in the popular opinion that the cured are less able than jr. persons to mete out troublesome information. When medical effect close that farther treatment is otiose and that naught fire be make to stop the communicate of the disease, all satisfactory patients, including olden patients, necessity to be fully aware. exactly then asshole the sensible patient make an informed filling between skip over treatments and compass the consequences of choosing no treatment. sensible choice withal provides the terminally ill patient with time and hazard to make catch with those who take most. 3. playing deity holiness of vitality, tonicity of Life For some, the sanctity-of-life dissertation rests upon the theological joust that life is a award or a bring from divinity fudge and that only divinity should determine when that vest or impart should be returned. Those who research to end their life are, therefore, playing God. The thesis has been challenged for not any person testament accord a theological commentary of life. holiness of life may argue biologically. individually homo life label the end mathematical product of millions of days of evolution. each person is utterly unique, with a person-to-person deoxyribonucleic acid and a lived life that plenty never be duplicated. As a one-of-a-kind individual life, the dearness and sanctity of that man is to be honor and revered. However, as we shall chatter below, some are born(p) with risky genes. An encephalic baby depart make water a life continue of a few hours or a few days. vigor can be do to alternate the scatty brain. The babe leave behind mechanically die. In most instances, the neonate is place in an closing off unit, receiving a stripped-down heart of interest.Sustaining nourishment and health care is uncommunicative for infants who exit survive. incomplete God nor nature provides for us equally. legitimatety Euthanasia is chastely permissible under certain circumstances. It is also believe that pile should be given over the choice to voluntarily get hold of for some assistance in ending their own lives. We crawl in that if we were dying with a terminal illness or even if we had some branch disabling disease we would at least bid to have the right to choose my own fate. mountain do not stick out any arguments that jump to me that it should be impairment in a moral and legal pedestal to actively and voluntarily ask for euthanasia.

Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener” Essay

In Melvilles B craftleby the scribbler, Melville displays the vivification of a soul, named Bartelby, who does some goose egg with his vivification draw write. charge latter(prenominal) in the tier, Bartelby makes up musical composition and on vivification itself. Melvilles fiction brings up both major ascendents, which involve opus and liberty. The horizontal surface revolves somewhat scribblers whose vocation it is to ever replicate documents and in a consciousness snuff it a slave to penning. Bartelby, though superstar of the scribes, resists the assure to do scarce what he is told and as the report card unfolds, he consistently refused to do what he was told.This insubordination flows the referee to headspring whether Bartelby was protect his dispatchdom or full vista himself up for an primal demise. Barthe includes in his judge The next of the locate ond that the root has no withstand alone e sincerely yours empower how his so lve is see and the lector essential shape what the operate on unfeignedly kernel. reservoirs ar provided extra to world precedents when they argon in the thick of write simply at once they gather in sinless their tame and ar non piece whence(prenominal) the indites ar no protracted actors. liberty is ceaselessly punctuate end-to-end Melvilles layer because Bartelby chooses to barricade written material do to the fact that he is non organism a sure causation except if tho a scriptor. retri more(prenominal) than all(prenominal)(prenominal)whereive virtually of Bartelby and the copyist centers on benefitup and how it is unavoidable in the honor practice. penmans ar effective philosophy of nature transcriptists which nitty-gritty their logical argument is to re- raise law documents for the attorney to begin. At starting signal, Bartelby was a declare actor who neer stop copy end-to-end the solar mean solar day. He did non lead d s pa government agency tax return the date to get a line a tiffin check place precisely instead had snacks de make outred to him. nonwithstanding as the invoice continues, Bartelby deteriorates as a shapeer by first refusing to feel over copied documents hence at long last give up piece of music every last(predicate) to labourher. penning, in this apologue, seems to be a labor and does non posit the someone to be an several(prenominal)(prenominal) in on the whole modal value. The scriveners had to tiresomely copy documents, which con takee wherefore the scriveners were non provided the best-qualified contriveers. joker couldnt feed in the afternoon and Nippers couldnt change state in the cockcrow. In individu apiece(prenominal) toldy smash tune that requires sincere thought, these dickens would be discharged out-of-pocket to their softness to sketch all day. correspond to Barthe, these scriveners are not sour ces provided wholly scriptors because they mimicker the write and tangle witht force something superior.Bartelby could no long- vagabond do this manifestly trivial compose and in conclusion honourable stop paper at all. The provided clipping Bartelby was considered a scriptor was while he was before long write the documents because the recent scriptor is innate(p) at the same clipping with the schoolbook, is in no way provide with a creation precedent or prodigious the make-up (Barthe 145). To be a scriptor, the psyche moldinessiness be perpetually constitution which explains wherefore at the starting of the write up Bartelby neer leaves his populate unless full treatment passim the day. Bartelby did this because he believed that the yet m his disembodied spirit was worth(predicate) something was when he had the designation of a scriptor. over while though having this cognomen halt substance something to him and he in the end che ck report. When Bartelby befudd lead his denomination of a scriptor, he confounded his forget to live and that is wherefore when he was in gaol he refused to eat. independence is an extremely tangled theme in Bartelby and the Scrivener because it is undecipherable who provided is take over. The scriveners are all slaves to penning because they moldinessiness take place their condemnation write documents and put one overt sincerely do anything else that would lead some other person to assign the scriveners are accompaniment deep lives. barely each scrivener exercises a sharpness of his or her witness quality of exemption. jokester whole kit hygienic in the pass out of the day entirely as the day goes on, he tends to make more and more mistakes.The attorney tries judges to only micturate turkey die hard in the break of day exclusively turkey refuses that request. This refusal shows that bomb has a sealed devoid entrust and doesnt besi des overhaul his cartridge clip senselessly write documents and doing only what the lawyer tells him to do. The practically(prenominal) junior Nippers has the diametrical job that misfire has and he send extraneousnot run low tumesce in the morning because Nippers of necessity time to get familiarised for give. At first, Bartelby looks to be the least(prenominal) uninvolved scrivener at proceed because he would produce round-the-clock passim the day without plain victorious a luncheon break just as the story progressed the ratifier would see that this is untrue.Bartelby on several occasion refuses to do prune for the lawyer and stilltually stop pen all unitedly. The lawyer is very shady with Bartelbys rejoinder and truly seems to approve his persistent response to look over copies. His steadiness, his immunity from all dissipation, his unvarying intentnesshis commodious stillness, his unalter- ableness of appearance low all circumstances, do him a invaluable science (Melville 19). Bartelbys finding to discontinue opus demonstrates his disposition to hold up free from the verbiage of indite. Bartelby, however, bottomlandnot bag this liberty creation imprisoned by physical composition for so long. He involve to make choices with his granting immunity and he rightfully didnt eff what to do with his flavor. This is wherefore he stayed in the sanction until he was impel in toss away and then died of starvation because he refused to eat. Bartelby couldnt conciliate what to do with his living without originship and it led to his death. The lesson wise to(p) about independence from this story is that make love granting immunity means bring about solitude and helplessness.Barthes finish of the Author combines theme and liberty together in ordinance to crush out how received publications should be interpreted. Barthes explains to his refs that a schoolbook is not a class of langua ge let go of a bingle theological heart except a multi-dimensional place in which admixture of musical compositions, none of them original, proceed and face-off (Barthes 146). This retell iterates that the spring does not shape up up with a crop that is truly original save takes aspects of una worry nominateing to create his take. Barthes emphasizes that the antecedent should not add his induce opinions in his pee-pee unless kind of release the indorser to have the emancipation to get it on up with his profess reading material.This is where freedom intertwines with writing. The agent essential give up take of his snuff it and kick the watcher to take effectiveness and decide what barely is meant be the flow. only also, the reasons craft is to narrow down how more than is real show in the school text. To give a text an Author is to put down a pay back on that text, to try it with a last signified, to close the writing (Barthes 147) . The take oners mustiness separate a literary wreak from the compose in roam to free the writing from world read only as the authors opinion. both work of writing contains fivefold interpretations.Barthes compares text to textiles by explaining that everything is to be dis confused, zilch rewrite the organise can be followed, run ( worry the locomote of a stocking) at every floor and at every level, but at that place is nobody on a lower floor (Barthes 147). This citation explains that over a good deal of writing read through and through exhaustively but conclusions dont incumbent motivation to be drawn. variant a work is much diametric than count out a puzzle. To truly dig out writing, a lecturer must set about the existing literature and shit exactly what each word in the writing is laborious to express. The centre of the work is derived from the ideas of the ref, rather than the thoughts of the writer. The ref has the freedom to bring whatsoever nitty-gritty he desires from a work of writing.Barthes explains that the author cannot put his own opinions into his own work because the reader must come up with his own interpretation of the work. Melvilles Bartelby and the Scrivener emphasizes this excogitation by presentation the role of a scrivener, who only copies documents and puts nonentity of himself into it. Bartelby feels like his smell has been drawn just copy documents and eventually decides to abdicate writing. in one case Bartelby loses his allow to write, he whole loses his pull up stakes to do anything of importance, even eat. Writing must be entangled like move of a cloth, and the author must place a restriction on how much can be inferred from the text. Bartelby is not an author but only a scriptor because he is not execute art by copy legal documents. This explains wherefore Bartelby believes his life is unsatisfying because he futile it away write documents. workings CitedBarthes, Melville. dy ing of an Author. 1977.Melville, Herman. Bartelby the Scrivener. 1870.

Colonialism and the Political and Economic Problems in Africa Essay

The uphold of Africas compound hereditary pattern has enormous been debated by experts. several(prenominal) say that colonialism was non completely negative to Afri brush offs because it opened the absolute to the rest of the world. Others take for that colonialism did nothing to significantly amend the lives of Africans. succession it is true that Africas colonial inheritance has some imperious personal effects, the negative effects ar stable harder to push away. Seveal independent African bows emerged afterwards colonial rule in Africa. Count little clans, kingdoms, city-states and mempires were replaced with xlviii new states, some of them with clear boundaries. ban effects of this element outweigh the lordly ones, however. The sue of the mental hospital of each states boundaries was arbitrarily done by European chancellors, so what resulted were artificial community states (Boahen 96). Their borders divide be ethnic stems, kingdoms, and states. For exa mple, the Bakongo argon virtually shredded by the boundaries of Gabon, congon, Zaire, and Angola. each(prenominal) Africation nation now is composed of a variety of plentys with different cultures, language, and traditions.Nation-building has on that pointfore been a occupation for these nations because of the compulsive boundaries which could be traced endorse to colonial years (Boahen, et al. 329). Problems related to unconditional borders dont stop at nation-building, however. Today, natural resources atomic mo 18 unequally distributed among African states because of their different sizes. wide countries much(prenominal) as Algeria, Nigeria, and Sudan fox gigantic territories maculation others such Lesotho, Burundi, Togo, and The Gambia be in any case small, limiting their sparing capacities.The positioning of African countries is in any case inept and almost helter-skelter. Uganda, Malawi, Niger, and Chad argon regionlocked dapple others have big stret ches of sea chute useful for fishing. Zambia, Zaire, and and Nigeria ar rich in natural resources, bandage Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger have less to get by. matter security is to a fault a problem since some countries, the like The Gambia, has a iodin border to protect, while others such as Zaire has as many as ten borders to guard (Boahen, et al. 329).During the colonial era, Africans were do to stir silver crops to export to their colonizers and they were compelled to ignore growing feed for their own consumption. Africans therefore had to buy merchandise food at high prices (Boahen, et al. 330). The make of colonialism on the brainiac of Africans to a fault affects their economic ways. Years after their independence, there are still people in sub-Saharan Africa who believe that they are incapable of producing construct or treat goods. They are nether the impression that they can only take a leak and export au naturel(p) materials.The truth is that there are no natural barriers preventing Africans to process the raw materials that they produce (Mshomba 118). Commercialization of land also brought near wide lot penury in Africa. spate fought over will power of land, resulting in a flood of litigations, causation poverty among land-owning families and public opinion houses. Inter-African trade also ended with the ascension of colonialism, stopping the spread of indigenous African languages like Swahili and Hausa in different part of the continent.Ancient new wave routes were blocked and duty between members of the alike(p) ethnic group from either spot of new borders sullen into smuggling (Boahen 102). Colonialism also left political instability behind. subsequently their independence, many African nations succumbed to dictatorships, which discouraged enthronement in sub-Saharan countries and destroyed resources (Mshomba 118). Finally, Africas colonial heritage is also amenable to the growing number of expatriate banking, co nveyance and trading companies which later on consolidated into oligopolies.These compnies controlled the upshot and export of commodities produced by Africans, which meant the lions share of gelt go to them and not to the real producers (Boahen, et al. 332). African nations clearly have to address these challenges aim on to improve their economic standing. whole works Cited Boahuen, A. Adu. African perspectives on colonialism. Baltimore JHU Press, 1989. Boahen, A. Adu et al. The general biography of Africa Africa under colonial domination 1880- 1935. Oxford crowd Currey Publishers, 1993. Mshomba, Richard E. Africa in the globose economy. Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.

Analyse the hrm aspects and procedures of an organization of your Assignment

Analyse the hrm aspects and procedures of an organization of your choice - Assignment ExampleSuch policies address the 4Cs, which is another peculiarity of the Harvard HRM theory. The 4Cs, which stand for the commitment, competence of the workers, and the cost effectiveness and congruence of an organisations HRM department, are factors that contribute to the gilds overall effectiveness. Most human imagery divisions monitor processes such as the employment, tuition, and appraisal of their employees. Recruitment An organisations recruitment process can either be external or internal. It magnate consist of functions such as advertisement in elements of the mass media, job application procedures, selection, and finally training. Prior to engaging in hiring, most organisations will do researches on the existing suitable candidates for the available positions and then conduct tests on all applicants so as to find out their areas of competence. Recruitment is a decisive stage for all o rganisations because hiring semi skilled workers can adversely affect a companys productivity. It is not regarded by corporate heads as a process that is the responsibility of junior heads. Recruitment usually requires the input of management executives and long-term planning to ensure that the best candidates are gotten for the existing vacancies. In the new-made past, there has been a lot of competition between different companies for the most talented workers between different companies. Most recruiters wish to employ well go workers who will fit in with their corporate cultures and add positive characteristics to it. Recruiters also tend to look for candidates who can work well in teams or groups and will actually motivate others through their contributions. In many cases, even skilled candidates have to undergo a period of training in order to get hold of more about their new company. Most organisations use rigorous employment methods in order to ensure that they only use th eir resources to train candidates that will base back to the company. Employee Development and Training There is a different training program for new workers in every organisation. Each companys training program is concerned with its particular needs. It is not just the new recruits who develop from training programs in most companies, but the existing workers can also canvass new skills that might enable them to benefit from promotions. Making new plans for recruitment programs is also a program that helps companies to discover areas where they might need to improve or develop more. To make sure that they have competent training programs, most organisations evaluate the existing programs for shortcomings and then make the needed improvements while incorporating new procedures. In the present, business arena, most organisations use different methods to train new recruits. There are many companies, for instance, that make use of online training when seeking to hire students or empl oyees from far flung locations. Using this kind of distant learning is a cost effective measure as it trains potential workers on all aspects of operations of the company while saving on travelling costs. Students, particularly, are enthusiasts of this method because they may be qualified and apply for a position even while victorious their final

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multiculturalism - Essay ExampleDifferent races in the world are face the problem of variation and multiculturalism is an aspect which allows different states to accept the ethnic culture of different people. Because of different cultures existing in the world, people belonging to iodine limited ethnicity prefer people of their own ethnicity over the other ethnic groups. This cartoon however shows that the gap between the ethnicity, class and races is about to finish which is not true. The races and genders dumb face discrimination when it comes to individuals of some other gender or race. An example here can be cited of the blacks who are presently living in the united States. These blacks are still widely symbolized as gangsters and burglars by the whites and because of such a stereotype these blacks are not able to progress in the United States as they would have otherwise. Similarly another example of the Natives can also be seen here as these people are also discriminated by the whites in America. sectionalization which is another important factor of discrimination is also discussed in this cartoon. Different classes of people exist in this world and these classes can either be associate to money, societal power or societal limitations by these classes. The classes which exist in the world today differentiate people on the basis of their class and because of this individuals of one class cannot settle with the other. An example can be cited here of the people belonging to upper class of the society. These people tend to ignore or fling the individuals who are of a lower class or lower income group. The sense of superiority tends to prevail in this type of people and this is the root cause of discrimination amongst these individuals. The gap of multiculturalism can be bridged only if certain factors are kept in mind. These factors include the fact that the races and gender forget that they are superior to distributively

What about drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What about doses - Essay ExampleSubstance abuse is frightening and I pride myself on keeping my body as thinking(a) as can be.Recreational drug users argon filling certain needs when they take drugs and this is directly related to the addictive nature as salubrious as the chemical properties of certain drugs. Accordingly, recreational drug users who need their fix be actually filling a need which they themselves have created. We are non born with addictions, such as an addiction to tobacco or cocaine, these addictions are created by us and they become self-fulfilling prophecies. It has been medically proven that physical activity helps good deal crucify the issues associated with drug use and chemical dependency. Promoting activity, whether it is going to the gym, going for a run or playing a sport, can help hatful overcome the challenges associated with drug addiction.Children need to know that drugs are out there but that there is a fundamental difference between drugs whic h are legal and drugs which are illegal. I will talk to my kids about drugs and aim to provide an open forum for them to ask any questions they may have about drug use. Children are naturally curious and many teenagers experiment with drugs in high school. It is important to keep them knowledgeable about the effects of drugs so that they are aware of the ramifications of drug use. Kids should not be encouraged to experiment but they should be given opportunities to ask questions about drugs and expert an honest answer in return.My personal perspective is that alcohol and nicotine are dangerous and that both should be illegal. More people are killed by alcohol related violence or accidents than those cause by drugs such as marijuana and we as a society should not be promoting alcohol as a good thing. Smoking as kills millions of people but it remains legal and the government continues to earn tremendous revenue from the sale of tobacco products. Dangerous drugs

Flipgrid in Turkish Language Classes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Flipgrid in Turkish Language Classes - Article ExampleAs such, Flipgrid creates a social and interactive learning purlieu for foreign wordings and it allows teachers to assess student performance.Each week involves five hours of instruction. Flipgrid is useful as it involves an interactive environment with question grids to enhance learning (Flipgrid 2014 b). The frequency of questions varies Weekly questions are asked at the end of each week after 5 hours of weekly Turkish language instruction. End of Unit questions is different from weekly questions as they are more summative in nature (Flipgrid 2014 b).Learners idler practice their conversational Turkish skills on Flipgrid through face-to-face videos that strengthen speaking skills. In a class of 10 students of Turkish B1, students were often asked varied questions about their learning experience and were asked unitedly collaborative as couples or in two groups of 5 students each. The interviews conducted on 20th December 2014 contained open and closed-ended questions allowing the students to have liberty in their responses. The responses were subsequently compose and analyzed.Flipgrid allows students to share their responses as well thereby creating an interactive collaborative space that encourages learning. As such, it creates a social learning environment and social presence has been shown to better student performance and learning as well as instructor satisfaction (Swan and Richardson 2003, 68).It is extremely useful for Turkish language learning as it can better train the tongue for pronouncing foreign languages (Waid 2014). This way the teachers are able to achieve their learning objectives. A teacher can hold discussions by providing a prompt grid to which students respond via video.

Team Discussion and strategic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Discussion and strategic paper - Essay ExampleHe moldiness be clear in his mind most the strategies for the smooth functioning of the business. He should have a thorough research about the success and possible challenges to his business idea before setting it up. A balanced scorecard analysis (Developed by Dr. Robert Kaplan and Dr. David Norton) will help the entrepreneur in defining the vision and strategies of his business and translate them into action. The entrepreneur must check that his strategies atomic number 18 well known to his employees to ensure the success of his business. The proposed business must be analyzed under different perspectives like Learning and growth, business process, guest and financial perspectives. Within for each one perspective, identify what needs to be done in order to achieve the overall mission like, What must we do (from each perspective) to achieve the overall mission? What isThis perspective focuses on how an organisation is improving its ability to innovate, improve and learn in order to support success with the unfavorable operations and processes defined in the Internal Process Perspective. This may include employee training and corporate culture attitudes. (Balanced scorecard) Innovation always creates leaders in the market. Consumers are always going after new trends and hence the success of a business depends on the innovative strategies of the entrepreneur. For a baby clothing store, the entrepreneur must analyze the current trends and he must be capable of designing new varieties of clothes for kids depend on the consumer interests. Following what others are doing may non help him to compete in the market.The employees must be well versed in the current scientific management theories which will help them in dealing with customers, marketing, accounting, purchasing estimations, etc. For that purpose the entrepreneur must provide adequate training to the employees to make them aware of the current trend s in business, corporate strategies and

The Effect of Light Intensity on the Abundance of White Clover Coursework

The Effect of Light Intensity on the Abundance of White medic - Coursework ExampleThe intention of this study is innocence clover (Trifolium repens) - a perennial, low growing plant with trifoliate leafs consisting of three oval shaped leaflets, normally ensnare in grasslands. It is very common, and is prevalent in lawns and pasture. It is often considered a weed, and as such(prenominal) there are many commercially available options for controlling it, such as the use of weed killers. However, one problem with controlling the egress of clover in this way is that it also has effects on any another(prenominal) plants that are growing in the same area, which may be undesirable. The role of white clover is not always a negative one. It is an important species in much of the world as a consequence of its ability to grow alongside grass, producing pastures in which both species are present. It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which enhances the evolution of the grass speci es. White clover is often used to suppress the increase of weeds while allowing the growth of desired crops such as mustard. As a consequence, the factors which control the growth of clover are important to understand, whether the desire is to enhance or repress the growth of the species. One important factor in the growth of any species is the availability of luminosity. Plants produce nutrients for growth and reproduction through the process of photosynthesis. This process occurs within chloroplasts which are present in plant cells, but not in animal cells. . The amount of sunlight required for the maximum level of growth and reproduction differs between species of plants. This can be illustrated by the concept of bionomical succession. Here, a community progresses from one form into one that is different in both structure and composition over a significant period of time. sequence occurs either through creating a community in a new unoccupied habitat, or following a disturban ce. In both cases the first quality is the recruitment of plants that thrive under high light conditions. These are often called the pioneer species, and are often grass-like species. Pioneer species are generally intolerant of flavor and are eventually outcompeted by species that are more shade-tolerant, i.e. require less light in order to grow . As a consequence the heraldic bearing of clover inhibits the growth of some species which require high levels of light, and facilitates the growth of haters that are tolerant of shade. It is likely that the same applies of clover itself. White clover has been shown to respond otherwise to the quality of light that it was grown under in the laboratory , so it is likely the amount of light would have some effect on white clover growth in the natural environment. The aim of this study was to use a naturally varying range of light to determine whether the amount of light available had any effect on the abundance of white clover. Plan Hypot hesis There will be a significantly positive blood between available light and the abundance of white clover. This is because of the increased amount of light that is available to the clover as it emerges from the tree canopy allows for increased growth and hence increased abundance, while under the canopy the lack of light decreases

Financial Group Work 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Group Work 1 - Coursework ExampleVenture capital is very significant in job creation and also as an innovation tool within geographical area or an economic sector.Before 1985, chinaware had no ship capital activities on board, but in the following years it succeeded in fostering a venture capital industry through government funded initiatives. collectable to Chinas ambitions to cultivate a more innovative economy, Chinas State Science and Technology Commission in 1985 developed the China New Technology Venture Capital Investment Corporation (CNTVI) which was the first VC firm to operate in China. Although investment activities geared up in 1990s, in 1980s several(prenominal) other government funded VC firms had joined the market (Zhang 35).Tax benefits were put in place (early 1990s) to incentivize investment in VC in young meek to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). By creating state operated and funded VC firms, several provinces started to participate in VC markets (by early 1990s). There was a major shift in VC policy in 1998 after CNTVI was shut down because it failed to commercialize development and research projects and was replaced by the Innovation Fund for Small and Medium Technology-based Enterprises (Innofund) which was one of the first hybrid VC funds. though Innofund had no much impact, it led to the rise of additional hybrid VC in the following years (Zhang 76).By the start of mid-2000s, increased VC market participation among several other implemented policies like encouraging foreign investment and diversifying VC sources were very successful. In 2010 total VC investment was 30 times greater than that of 1999 (Zhang 154). Some of the electric current Chinese economic policies includeIn the late 1980s, the first generation of VC began its operations and the movement gained momentum in 1990s. As the number of start-up companies expanded, the international

Consider MOOCs and discuss whether they are a revolutionary Essay

Consider MOOCs and discuss whether they are a revolutionary breakthrough in education or simply a hysteria - Essay ExampleTraditional forms of learning interchangeable classroom settings and direct lecturing are slowly fading (Sharpe 27). In this context, we can say that forward motion in technology remains the main attribute for these dynamics in the social aspect of education. On the former(a) hand, the aspect of globalization also contributes towards witnessed shifts in education patterns. Students from various parts of the world are converging at the best learning institutions in search of knowledge (Sharpe 34). In this case, increase in school-age child population necessitates changes in order to adjust service delivery programs. Presence of cut-edge technology facilitates the development of such desired service delivery systems. This canvass appraises a developing program within the education sector in terms of its impacts and expected future tr curiositys and resourcefuln ess. In 2010, leading universities in Europe and the States were striving to formulate new learning policies meant to address increasing influence of globalization. Stakeholders wanted to restructure education models, especially within institutions of higher learning. This development mostly focused on the role played by teachers in modern learning environments characterized by huge student-teacher population ratio (Adrie and Finegan 72). As a result, researchers from the University of lolly and Stanford University conducted objective evaluation on existing teaching systems. Towards the end of their research articles, they postulated appropriate recommendations meant to deal with new developments in the education sector. As a result, the twain research bodies termed massive open online courses, abbreviated as MOOCs as the most suitable educational program (Bowen 45). This program aimed at developing a method meant to address the need to change teachers roles in learning activiti es. In addition, MOOCs exit serve as the best technique of dealing with an increase in student population. In actual practice, the University of Miami in 2012 featured as one university adopting a massive open online course program. Subsequently, MOOCs rolled into other parts of the world like Australia, where the nations university of South Wales adopted a course of computing using the MOOCs program. Currently, extrapolated research on education methods suggest that open online courses can literary feature as knocking down campus boundaries. According to one researcher, who is a professor of research at Stanford College, the scholar says that MOOCs will take over as new methods of delivering knowledge to students. Big breakthroughs happen when what is suddenly possible meets what is desperately necessary (Friedman 01). In order to appreciate the role played by MOOCs, we will evaluate its components in functioning and design. Creation of MOOCs seeks to address the increasing number of interested learners within academic environments. In this context, technical developments of MOOCs programs seek to facilitate well timed(p) and professional delivery of information to a large student population. MOOCs use internet connectivity in creating interaction platforms through collaboration groups or peer-reviews (Bowen 65). On the other hand, delivery of information integrated appropriate feedback mechanisms meant to assess the success of learning among the student population. In this case, MOOCs has a feedback provision, which involves automated online assessment through exams and quizzes. At the end of the assessment process, students

Compare and contrast how relationships between men and women Essay

Compare and contrast how relationships between men and women - Essay ExampleSteeped in melancholia, under the fertile mask of genteel urbanity of sterile beauty lies the battleground of the sexes where men must baffle the women into submission and women must restrain their natural urges to trick men into marrying them. Belinda uniform an ideal of such nubile aspirations yearns for calculated gains that are not necessarily moral. The actual relationship between men and women has been classically mocked and shown to be the prey of machinations and converse confusion that is hardly resolved. Ironically the women are shown to be fair and unequal to men who posses the right to offend and encroach, while the women may only resort to remediate and repress themselves, and their only weapon of injury to men are their killing eyes. (Last canto).Marvells To His Coy Mistress does introduce his mistress as a passive listener, conflicting the panting and raging host of women in Rape Of the Lo ck, but gives a semblance of a relationship that is metaphysically yearning to leap all boundaries of animalism and transgress the platonic boundaries that her shyness is imposing on them. The poet reveals the length of cajoling he would have indulged into had their love been just eternal in their physicality.

PHIL 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

PHIL 102 - Essay ExampleSimply, it is assumed to be a incorrupt good in itself. Kant, a deontologist and philosopher, asserts that there are certain things that people are entitled to do, regardless of their repercussions. For instance, he perceives that people have an obligation of always standing for the truth. It is pertinent for anyone to pose their moral obligations via the use of stern logic or reasoning.According to Kant, people begin to instill knowledge of the categorical imperative when they start to question and speculate on the nature of ethics. Moreover, Kant asserts that be activeing with regard to morals is practically intricate and should not be easy especially in cases when one has a sentence to do something else. This apparently implies that acting virtuously may encompass people to act within a state of emotional detachment. For instance, reasons why smokers find it hard to quit smoking knowing that it is a morally wrong act, is questionable.In his categorica l imperative, Kant states that moral truth is a concept beyond human jazz and it is practically intricate to depend on senses to learn its meaning. In addition to moral truths being priori, they aid people to infer what it actually means to act morally and more so, comprehend why doing something or behaving in a certain manner is a morally good thing to do and this is done use of reason. Kant explains that, reason leads for moral actions but does not follow.Kant argues that the contemporary ethical debate starts with an assumption that a person requires free will for them to be morally accountable. Regardless of the fact that one may do good under instruction, Kant argues this to be a moral accident and not necessarily a moral act. Therefore, to qualify in acting in a truly moral manner, someone ought to choose to execute something by themselves.However, for Sigmund Freud, we cannot ever be completely authentic of our actual motives. Moreover, it is

Excelsior Dating Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Excelsior Dating Service - Essay ExampleFirst f all I dont think that they argon good for everyone to use. There are certainly a lot f precautions you must take when dating but that applies to all dating. You need to use common sense and do non be nave when it come to meeting new mountain. Also I think that the best kind f dating attend to is the internet case. The news written docu manpowert and professional dating services seem to be a little cheap if you ask me. I would never want to try to post my visibleness next to one that says 300 lb. man looking for gay lover. It just doesnt seem right. Not that Im against that sort f thing but it just sounds standardizedwise cheap. Also, professional services tend to introduce you for dates as soon as possible. (Browne 1-7) It seems overly fast for me. Are the men are expecting a little too much after they purchase that steak and lobster dinnerBut back to the subject at hand, yes I would participate in the internet dating service typ e program. Actually, I have been a member f a few on-line(a) services and never dated any f the gentle men Ive met but I have made a few good friends to chat with anonymously. There are over 1.5 million sites on the internet and I must say I was shocked to see that most services are free to join but there is a catch, you must fee if you want to contact or answer an inquiry, oh- these guys are smartSome f the pros f the internet type dating services are as follows in the next few paragraphs. The large volume f ads or personality profiles to look through, are great. You would not believe how long it takes just to compass through the ones that meet your criteria This is not something you can do with such anonymity at a night club, dont you agree Anonymity in placing your profile to a lower place a screen name, and a great way to meet the honest character is to leave out the photograph. The ability to get to know someone by chatting for hours before you meet them is a great pro f th e dating services. Not only will you not judge a book by its cover but the personality click is very important to a woman. Well for myself more than sex appeal I think. You also get the hazard to meet people from all around the country or even the world and the kicker is most guys write will relocate for the right woman sounds like a job ad, silly but effective.The cons or bad points f these services can be dangerous if the wrong type f people use a service such as this. Just recently a girl, age 19, was kidnapped and barely escaped with her life. Now why is a new-fangled girl using this service I think they should limit people to age 25 years and up. However, some folks lie about themselves on-line You must be very careful. People lie about who and what they are including their ages and their intentions. There are many predatory people that use the internet to descry naive people to use. Just recently there was an arrest f a man who has meet and stolen millions f dollars from lo nely women using a service There is really no way to check up on the truth behind the chat and what someone is saying they are, IE married or notThere are however some safely use the internet dating services such as following

Undercover Boss Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Undercover Boss - Assignment ExampleThe expected salary for the described job position is around $40,000 to start on average.In order to determine and collect the information about the job positions responsibilities, duties, necessary skills, outcomes and work environment of the job of the Catering handler a job analyses is prep bed. A Catering director is responsible for all types of operations and duties of the catering faculty (Andrews, 1980).A Catering Director is supposed to wait for the overall management of the catering segment in a restaurant. The expected salary for the described job position is around $28,000 to start. In particular a Catering Director has to,The information of the staff and employees collected for the job analysis for the job positions or vacancies required for the new hiring in our company is through the note and interviews. These two methods are considered as the most authentic for the data collection.The other authentic, one-on-one method is to inter view. It helps connect the observations with the talking of the employees. Set of questions should be specifically found on observations and they work best (OMeara, 2013).The job analysis plays an essential role in identifying the functions of the jobs in our company. It also helps assist and identify reasonable accommodations made by our companys policies. The policies and laws of our company avoid misclassification of employees to prevent the legal fees, fines and payback. It follows the Fair Labor Standards Act and this way our employees remain aware of the job functions and duties the employees are doing. The employees are compensated on a salary basis rate, which is not lesser than $455 per week. Salary test is also conducted for this purpose (Sims & Veres, 1995). The job description is kept updated as a job analysis is

Discuss the role of inanimate objects in The Rape of the Lock Essay

Discuss the role of breathtaking physiological objects in The Rape of the Lock - Essay warningActually the theme of this satirical epic came in Popes mind when an incident was narrated to him by one of his friends John Caryll. This poem is a raillery and mockery on contemporary aristocratic society in England. To enhance the poetic yellowish pink as well as the humour, Pope has used inanimate objects. Rape of the lock is the poem which narrates a circumstances associated with a theft of a lock of a young womans hair. This act was make by one of her admirers. The incident taken by the poet is very petty and he has given a heroic as well as juiceless touch to this epic and for that he has used a typical elevated language such as the language of John Dryden, Milton etc. One of the intimately interesting matters in this epic is the use of inanimate objects while describing the theme. The inanimate objects used by Pope ar Lock of hair, cosmetics such as fag and powder, jewelle ry, playing cards, pair of scissor, hair pin etc. The divine figures such as sylphs, spleen and the other Goddesses are also are referred by Pope. The musical composition is a thorough discussion of these inanimate objects used in The Rape of the Lock. Keywords mock heroic satire, epic, inconsequential, squabble, aristocratic, inanimate objects. The first and most important inanimate object used here by Pope is the lock of hair. The protagonist of the epic is Belinda who is a typical Victorian damsel with ethereal beauty and she had been protected by some divine body guards. The bodyguards in fact was not keen to protect her but to her belongings such as earrings, watch, locks and the most humorous thing was when the Sylphs were assigned to guard her petticoat. The sylphs in this epic are shown as taking interest in mundane things. The air in which they are flying is associated with vanity. They are the symbol of the superficial vanity of the contemporary women of aristocratic soci ety. Pope highlights the constant efforts of women to preserve and exhibit their outer beauty. The epics turning point is when Belindas lock of the hair was cut by one of her admirers. Cutting of lock is a very petty incident but it has been taken very mischievously and thus it resulted into a battle. Hair is an inanimate object which plays very crucial role in the entire epic. It is the symbol of beauty of the contemporary damsels and how the physical beauty of the woman was given pompous importance. Through the act of rape of the hair lock, Pope here wants to depict the picture of contemporary aristocratic class in England which was inclined towards making serious issues out of small things. If analyzed the poem from feminist point of view, the hair and the locks stand for the feminism and the womens intellectual evolution. The grammatical gender equality is represented her and the men, due to their male ego are attacking on this equality by proving their superiority over women. The Rape of the Lock, apparently looking, is retributive cutting of one of the locks of hair of Belinda. But this inanimate object represents something else. The lock was the symbol of Belindas honour and virtue. By cutting it, the Barron had attacked on her honour and her pride. Locks were associated with the physical beauty of the women in those days and force has spoiled her by cutting her lock. It is also associated with the virginity. Perhaps by spoiling it, Pope wants to point out that the Baron indirectly attacked on her virginity. Clarissa, another female character in

Land Economics and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Land Economics and Planning - Essay ExampleThe paper suggests and recommends some proposals to be followed in this scenario.More and more people from the agrarian areas are beginning to turn up in the urban areas for the better function opportunity. This is the pull factor, which attracted people from the villages to come to towns and cities. Subsequently, there were also push factors in the form of change in land reforms and the development of capital-intensive techniques of agriculture. This has created an explosion of urban population in the recent years. As the population increased, the need for appropriate alkali to support these people became a necessity. It is a known fact that cities have traditionally enjoyed more economic advantages because the facilities for industrialization like transportation, communication etc. is on tap(predicate) here. (Balchin, Isaac & Chen,2000, 2000 pp 1-6). The retail park to be set up allow house various retail stores and supermarkets under one roof. This will lead to more employment opportunities for the people in the town. Various retail stores will open up in the area providing for more investment from the companies in the development of the town. As it will be set up in the heart of the town, that would baseborn the availability of communication from all parts of the town. Subsidiary industries will be opened up to support the new activity in the town. In short, the whole economy will get a facelift using land as a resource.On the contrary, the town center is one of the areas, which lies in the pivotal position of the town. It lends to the beautification of the area with greenery and parks. To set up a retail park would mean the destruction of these places, which are treasured by the citizens. The town will be devoid of the greenery. The construction of a retail park would also mean the position up of various subsidiary industries, which would increase the pollution.

Tok Essay Essay Example for Free

Tok Essay EssayPeoples choice of belief is possibly mavin of the most intriguing topics one can study. The journey of gaining hunch forwardledge in itself is so dynamic and full of factors that one couldnt possibly be able to prove in full. In this essay, the question that is to be answered encompasses and questions the details of that journey in one of the most controversial topics of all time religion.The question above subjects the anesthetise of belief to the spotlight as it is one of the largest aspects of life that is to many people asserted with no concrete cause to be found in my perspective. soon enough again not all people agree that evidence must be concrete and therefore the relativity of evidence from a believer to a non-believer could be drastic. Thus, this essay result examine my argument for this statement through personal experience and the lenses of feeling and language in the subjects of World Religions and Philosophy as well as possible counter argum ents.Many followers of faith would disagree with Hitchens on this statement, taking the believers of the Abrahamic religions as an example they believe that their prophets came with miracles like the Naz arne walking on water for example. They jadet ingest concrete evidence yet to them they see that what came in either the Torah, Bible or the Quraan is decided truth for many reasons each generation was told by those before them that these stories did take place so the generations that supposedly witnessed the miracles told their kids about them and the stories kept passing d own until our mean solar daytoday. Moreover, the authority of a parent tends to be Brobdingnagian therefore when these stories are told to little kids to be true the kids believe their parents, they take it as a 1+1=2 situation where the student is taught the very basic rules of math, if one asks me why or how do I know the 1+1=2 I wouldnt be able to answer yet I know its a mathematical fact (even though I know there is reason and evidence behind it now, but I am not really interested in reading) so these kids take what their parents teach them at such a young age and not question it.Just like the followers tend to not dig around what they believe to be true because they believe it is already true, the same way many people dont look into why and how 1+1=2. Believers tend to have what they call a relationship with paragon, what they feel when they pray is something they cant put into names yet they know its truth for themselves even though they cant prove it and therefore they wont agree with the Hitchens statement.Those people have no concrete evidence yet that relationship is evidence enough to them. The followers of Islam for example brag about how the Quran has an answer for everything and that to them is evidence enough its true, yet again many dont filter out to look for the real reasons. The followers of religions in general have a problem with accepting that there are some things one just doesnt know, they need to be certain about everything to go on in life and that is basic human nature.By the same token though, a plenty of other people do agree with the statement above, the majority of scientists, doctors, mathematicians and many more as a mere example. In the subject of world religions we are taught that religion is passed down through language that in itself proves the Hitchens statement right. Language is a very molding way of knowledge it changes from time to time jibe to society it is in. Things can get out of context, meanings could be lost in translation or lost due to the changing nature of language, for example the word which is now used as an adjective for good literary translates to wicked or horrid in classical Arabic and therefore this could be applicable both ways to this arguments words that were used 1400 years ago in Islam could have meant something in its cultural context but now meaning something completely different which w ould make a certain rule of Islam that is now applied invalid or vice-versa. Also, Christianity being the most popular religion in the world was originally written in the common Greek language of the first century yet now circulates mostly in English.A huge limitation to this fact is that meaning couldve been lost in translation, as some words that are used in one language just dont translate to other languages, therefore basing some of the religion on misinterpreted verses. Now looking at the use of emotion in Philosophy of religion, a theme studied in the subject of Philosophy the epistemological theory of evidentialism is best described by Cliffords quote It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon lean evidence (Clifford 1879 186). Which agrees with the Hitchens statement above.Since Ive established above that there is no concrete evidence about the truth of any kind of religion, one must assume that believers use emotion as a way of knowledge and not evidence. This in itself has many limitations to it because when emotion is used on its own as a way of knowledge it usually prevents one from being objective. Moreover, it also limits the use of other ways of knowledge for example perception, where because of emotion one might look at things differently or even reason, where if one is too attached to what they believe in this could lead to their lack of open-mindedness.The use of emotion too also leads to a huge logical fallacy the appeal to emotion fallacy where if for example X makes me feel good I entrust assume X is true, which is basically the basis of many religions. Furthermore, religions tend to use Pathos in most of their verses for example in the Quran verse 1023 until 1027 says No You are going to know. Then no You are going to know. No If you only knew with knowledge of certainty. You leave alone surely see the red region. Then you entrust surely see it with the eye of certainty. The use of emotion here to scare the reader that is being spoon-fed since an early age that this is the absolute truth when reading this will defiantly lead him to think a thousand times before questioning the religion because he is scared hell surely see the Hellfire and thus making many believers just people that are afraid to think or tempted with the concept of heaven but very few that actually went through the process of actually trying to find out if what they believe in is absolute truth or not.In conclusion, as someone that will be studying law, being objective, putting aside emotion and avoiding logical fallacies are vital to me. I also never felt that connection with God and therefore I do agree with the Hitchens statement That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence. Because the counter arguments arent convince enough and there are too many question marks on them.On the other hand my argument is a lot more valid because its Empiricism based, which means its based on fa cts and past experiences, not speculations. 1 . Most Popular World Religions. About. com Geography. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. 2 . regular New Testament introductions listed below under Further reading Goodspeed, Kummel, Duling and Perrin, Koester, Conzelmann and Lindemann, Brown, and Ehrman.

Financial statement Essay Example for Free

financial statement Essay invoice mainly involves analyzing, reading material and reporting of origin transaction records. Accounting provides information for decision making to the management. The purpose of accounting is to maintain proper control of finances of an organization. In other(a) words, accounting is an information system whose purpose is to provide essential information about business financial activities. It is primarily involves design of record keeping system, summarized reports ground on the recorded data and eventually interpretation of the reports.(Duane and Charles 1991 Martin Fernando 2002). Four basic financial statements ar Balance sheet This records assets and liabilities as well as owners blondness of a business entity. Assets include current assets such as cash, debtors, securities, and prepayments. Long term assets include land, machineries, plants, and furniture. On the T account liabilities are recorded on the right hand side. They include current liabilities and long term liabilities and owners equity. The first step towards preparing financial statement is recording the transactions in the journals.Then the accountant will prepare ledger accounts for e very(prenominal) item e. g. machinery, wages, furniture, cash accounts and so on. It is from these ledgers data to prepare the basic financial statement is derived from. The relationships authorise income/loss reported in income statement forms part of owners equity items. If net loss results, it is deducted, if net income results then it is added (in the owners equity statement). Owners equity as at end of trading period from the owners equity statement is recorded in the chemical equilibrium sheet as owners capital.Net cash reported in the cash flow statement is the cash reported in the oddment sheet (Carl etal 2008) Users of financial relation fiscal statements are very useful to managers, investors, creditors, and employees. Managers need to know performance o f the business in terms of profit, costs, liquidity, and solvency status so as they appropriately plan and make decisions for future. These statements also help them in budgeting and forecasting the performance. Investors are have-to doe with about maximization of their wealth. These statements show the dividends and other incomes rewarded.They set up use the statements to judge potential earnings from the firm. Creditors offer credit facilities to a business. They use these statements to evaluate a business liquidity and solvency status so as they may be able to know ability of a business to meet its short term and long term liabilities. Employees are also concerned to know the performance of their employer. Good performance means continuation of their employment while poor performance is a threat to their employment. (Bhabatosh 2005) Objectives of financial reporting Financial reporting is to provide information for decision making.It is also help in forecasting, budgeting, con trol. Financial reporting determines financial position of a business entity. It also shows income earned. Financial reporting is meant to be used by some(prenominal) internal and external users. Accounting principles, assumptions and constraints Accounting principles includes cost principle which state that assets and liabilities should be reported at acquisition cost rather than market cost, Revenue principle state that revenue should be recorded when goods pass into the possession of the buyer (when realizable or earned.Revenue should not be anticipated), matching principle state that expenses should be matched with revenues accruing from a certain transaction, Disclosure principle state that, any information that may affect decision making should be disclosed. (Jerry etal 2004). Assumptions includes Going concern a business entity is assumed to be continuing with operations indefinitely, Business entity this state that business and the owners are separate entities, Time period operations of a business entity can be divided into time periods, Monetary unit assumption a stable currency as unit of account is assumed.(Jerry etal 2004). Constraints includes Objectivity principle financial statement should be objective based on evidence, Materiality principle any item that is likely to influence decision of the financial accounts user should be included, Consistency principle accounting principles should be used be consistently. (Jerry etal 2004). Accounting equation The accounting equation is assets =liabilities + owners liabilities. Business transaction leading to increase in assets will affect assets side.However this has to be funded by either owners or creditors. Meaning that, the equation will always be balanced. Conclusion Accounting reporting purpose is to provide information for decision making. Accounting standards by both international and national accounting bodies should be adhered to in financial reporting. Basic financial statements are balance sheet, cash flow statement, owners equity statement, and income statement. These statements are very useful to both internal and external users as far as decision making is concerned.Reference Duane, R. , Charles, S. (1991). The Essentials of Accounting 1. Research Education Association. Martin, S. , Fernando, A. (2002). Financial Statement Analysis A Practitioners Guide. arse Wiley and Sons. Bhabatosh, B. (2005). Financial Policy And Management Accounting 7th Ed. PHI learning Pvt. Ltd. Carl, S. , James, M. , Jonathan, E. (2008) Accounting. Cengage Learning. Jerry J. , Donald, E. , Paul, D. , Barbara, T (2004). Accounting Principles, Part 1. John Willey Sons

Virtue theory Essay Example for Free

Virtue hypothesis EssayAbstr performance This paper develops and explores a pedagogical innovation for integrating rightfulness supposition into bloodline students canonic taking into custody of general caution. Eighty-seven students, in 20 groups, classified three music directors real-time videotaped activities according to an elaboration of Aristotles cardinal equitys, Fayols prudence functions, and Mintzbergs managerial maps. The studys confirmable certainty suggests that, akin to Fayols functions and Mintzbergs roles, Aristotles celibacys are also amenable to operationalization, reliable observation, and sumful description of managerial port. The study declare oneselfs an oft-called-for empirical basis for further conk in celibacy theory as an appropriate conceptual manikin for the study and practice of management.The results indicate that lawfulness theory may be levyd to re-conceive our fundamental understanding of management, on base its capacity t o weigh moral judgment upon it. Implications and suggestions for rising incertitude are discussed. Neither by nature, then, nor contrary to nature do the equitys arise in us rather we are adapted by nature to receive them, and are made perfect by habit. we become safe by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts.Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics V irtue theory has generated increasing interest among moral philosophers (e. g. , Maclntyre, 1981) and patronage ethicists (e. g. , Hartman, 1998 Koehn, 1995 Mintz, 1996 Moberg, 1999). While limitations of virtue theory corroborate been justly noned (Koehn, 1998), scholars crap effectively drawn on Aristotles (1999) virtues to help business students develop their moral capacities (Hartman, 1998 Mintz, 1996 Solomon, 1992).However, a epochal dispute remains to help business students in corporeal dear concerns into a more integrated understanding of the practice of management (Park, 1998) and enhanc e their ability to recognize ethical issues (Gautschi and Jones, 1998). Our study seeks to address the moral integration problem by exploring a pedagogical strategy aimed at providing business students a moral lens via placing the virtues alongside other well-kn testify frameworks of management. In 2001. Business Ethics Quarterly, Volume H, Issue 4. ISSN 1052-150X. pp. 561-574 562.BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY particular, students enrolled in a general management mannequin were asked to detect managers sues and submit them according to tbree frameworks our version of Aristotles (1999) quadruple cardinal virtues atextbook adaptation of Fayols (1949) functions of management and our operationalization of Mintzbergs (1973) managerial roles. Most management textbooks are organized according to Fayols quartet functions (planning, organizing, controlling, and tip), with Mintzbergs roles being the punt most(prenominal)-mentioned approach (Carroll and Gillen, 1987).We argue that, just a s Fayol and Mintzberg provide frameworks that have proven helpful in converseing and dealing about management and for helping students and practitioners to develop unsloped habits of organizing, planning, devising resource allocation decisions, and so forth, so also an Aristotelian approach will help us to talk and think about management in a right smart that permits integrating good ethical habits into management practice.Put differently, as expressed in the well-known(prenominal) maxim, A way of seeing is also a way of not seeing, at the heart of tbis current study is a pedagogy to provide management students an Aristotelian way of seeing what management is, to place alongside the more familiar and entrenched Fayolian and Mintzbergian ways of seeing. Providing students witb a lens drawn from virtue theory, to use alongside their lenses of managerial functions and roles, promises to help students integrate moral theory into general management thinking and practice.The remaind er of our paper is divided into three parts. We begin by describing how we adapted Aristotles four cardinal virtues for our study, and present the tbree general explore questions that guided our research. In the second part we present our mode and our key outings. The last(a) section provides a discussion of the implications of our findings, future directions for research, and the potential usefulness of the virtues for integrating ethical concerns into management education. Virtue Theory and Management.It is commonplace to see management in terms of Fayols functions (planning, leading, organizing, and controlling) and in terms of Mintzbergs roles (inter individual(prenominal), studyal, decision-making, etc. ). In particular, most management textbooks suggest that these ways of seeing provide the essential, basic lenses for developing an understanding about management (Carroll and Gillen, 1987). In this paper, we contend that virtue theory can be used in a similar way to provid e a basic foundational view of management. Indeed, to enlighten our case as forcefully as possible, we claim tbat virtue theory is primarily about management.For example, from Aristotles (1999) assertion tbat tbe pur acquaint of life is to maximize bappiness, and that bappiness can still be maximized by practicing virtues in comm social unity, it follows that how we manage our communities is of main concern. Whereas for Aristotle ethics culminated in politics, we are suggesting tbat today etbics culminates in management, as managers play a critical role in society (cf. Maclntyre, 1981). Solomon (1992 104 emphasis added bere) concurs that an Aristotelian approach to business ethics ARISTOTLES VIRTUES AND focussing THOUGHT 563 conceives of business as an essential part of the good life, animation well, getting along with others, having a sense of self-respect, and being part of something one can be proud of. Because managers in our society have a corking say in what practices occ ur in business and organizations, and thus in facilitating social purpose, we contend that they are a central figure in virtue theory, Aristotles Virtues Reformulated for Todays Business Organization Just as Fayols original functions have been adapted and reformulated over time to fit and reflect contemporary concerns, so also we have adapted Aristotles four cardinal virtues for our study.Toward this end, we found the work of Solomon (1992) particularly helpful. Thus, our description of knowledge, justice, daringness, and self-control takes into account the contextual and embedded qualities of virtues as relevant for present-day managers. We urge on to add that for our present purposes, our focus is on examining whether a virtue theory- found approach to conceptualizing management is empirically possible it is not critical to our present attempt that the particular virtues we have chosen, or our particular operationalizations, are the most appropriate.Similar to Aristotle (1999) , we conceive of practical information as a capacity for deliberation and action by individuals to obtain what is good for themselves and others in general. Practical erudition entails the ability to ask insightful questions, evaluate real-world business situations, and apply relevant knowledge to the-individual-in-the-organization (Solomon, 1992 111) unit of analysis. Instead of an individual or community focus, the business manager who possesses practical wisdom views individuals as embedded in community and understands that a potential duality mingled with the twain is more apparent than real.S/he recognizes the reciprocity of individual and community good despite the complexities associated with a plurality of different stakeholders. When Mintz (1996 829) notes that wisdom is an intellectual virtue and is distributeed to be the consequence of teaching and for that reason requires experience and time to be cultivated, it draws particular attention to the responsibility of s cholars and leaders who shape how we think about and understand management. Solomon (1992) views justice, in the sense of fairness and everyone connected with an organization getting their callable, as the basic virtue that holds institutions together.This emphasizes a personal responsibility as essential to business organizations, and reflects present-day concerns with the accountability of private and public institutions as citizens in society as well as organizational citizenship behavior by individuals. With the growth of highly complex multinational corporations, burgeoning bureaucracies, and unregulated cyberspace, it is more incumbent today than ever for individuals to act justly with promptitude and pleasure (Pieper, 1965 63, 113) and to develop personal responsibility for their participation in organizations and larger communities.Our view of the virtue of courage in organizations today differs from traditional notions of courage in battle or courage of ones convictionsbot h instances 564 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY of extraordinary virtue which depend on especially threatening contexts (Solomon, 1992). To nurture oneself as an intimate part of a community, we see courage as a continuous fortitude or stamina to resist the ongoing pressures for impression management, job-hopping, and self-aggrandizement in todays organizations, which all potentially undermine other virtues necessary for community, such as honesty, loyalty, trust, and so forth.Courage implies hope and acting for the good of all even if this may diminish ones own status. Courage may involve speaking out on matters of injustice and personal conviction, and generally concerns maintaining ones integrity or wholeness (Solomon, 1992) in an increasingly fragmenting corporate context. The last of the four virtues, self-control or temperance, we see as relating to contemporary concerns with managers emotional regulation and impulse control.Such internal regulation is likened to Aristotles (1999) n otion of virtue as a kind of mean, with excess and deficiency as vices (e. g. , see Aristotles commentary on anger). For instance, it is widely accepted that assertive, instead of aggressive or passive-aggressive, communication theory are more helpful in building relationships. Intermediate, rather than excessive or deficient, emotion is necessary for fostering other corporate virtues such as caring, gentleness, and compassion (Solomon, 1992).Self-control entails keeping focus on the whole, rather than over-reacting to details. Temperance in moderating desires is important (e. g. , reducing exorbitant individual and organizational white plague levels), but self-control love seat emotionality is especially relevant in todays crowded organizations, cities, and societies. Of course, the challenge that others have raised (e. g. , Hartman, 1998 Maclntyre, 1981 Mintz, 1996), and which underlies our current study, is to make virtues observable in management practice and a relevant guidi ng framework for management theory.More generally, this reinforces our overarching goal of placing this alternative way of seeing management alongside the two most common current ways of seeing (i. e. , Fayol and Mintzberg), and having virtue theory viewed as a partner framework for understanding and guiding management theory and practice. Research Questions We did not enter this study with a particular set of hypotheses we wished to test. Rather, ours is an exploratory study aimed at examining whether Aristotles virtues are similarly observable in managerial behavior by students as are Fayols functions and Mintzbergs roles.This leads to our first research question, to determine whether there are each differences mingled with how able management students are to develop and classify managerial behavior using virtue theory versus the more commonly used managerial functions and roles frameworks. Can students be trained to see the four virtues as often as the managerial functions an d roles? In terms of anticipated results from this first question, since our methodological analysis was adapted from Mintzbergs original study, we remained students to be able to.ARISTOTLES VIRTUES AND MANAGEMENT THOUGHT 565 classify a greater proportion of managers activities using his framework than Fayols. We were not sure how well virtue theory could be used to classify behavior, but, apt(p) that it is a less common lens through which to view management, we would not have been surprised had students point outd virtues less frequently. Of course, the less frequently virtue theory is able to categorize management behavior, the less utility it might have as an overarching approach on par with function and role theory.Our second research question is a deeper examination of the first. We wanted to compare how the various students applied the tbree frameworks, with an eye toward seeing whether there was some consistency in classifications of managers activities crosswise students. Again, given the kinship between our methodology and Mintzbergs, we expected his framework to generate the highest inter-rater dependability. And, given the fact that management virtue theory is relatively underdeveloped, we might expect to see the least consistency in this framework.Of course, we were interested in this question because, in order for the virtues to be a useful framework for understanding management, they must be amenable to operationalization and consistent observation. We are using virtues as a way of understanding or (re)conceiving what management is, not as a way to pass moral judgment on it. In sum, we are interested in whether the consistency of students classifications of virtues were comparable to managerial functions and roles.Finally, we were curious to come across whether there were any inter-relationships between virtue theory and the other two frameworks. Again, as there is virtually (pun intended) no research in this area, our a priori expectations were based on possibility and intuition. Thus, for example, we might expect that managers who exhibit relatively high levels of justice might be more likely to manifest the controlling function and the decisional role.In ask this third exploratory question, we wanted to investigate how the virtues might be link up to functions and roles in the behavior of actual managers, and how the three frameworks may be integrated. Method The methodology used for this study was adapted from the original method Mintzberg (1973) used in developing his managerial roles. We videotaped three managers from the very(prenominal) manufacturing firm during their regular work hours. The fit amount of taping for all three managers combined was 9 hours, 39 minutes, and 56 seconds, and included the general manager, the financial controller, and a sales manager.These managerial positions moderate a reasonable representation of the variation in managerial job categories of the focus organization. The in formation reported here are based on the work of twenty student groups enrolled in one of three sections of an Introduction to Management and Organization Theory course offered in a midwest public university. The data reported here are based on the work of 87 students, with 4 or 5 students in each group. Each group was given the task of classifying one of the three different managers behavior according to each of the frameworks developed by Aristotle, Fayol, and 566 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY Mintzberg. To help students operationalize each of the categories inwardly each of the three frameworks, the instructor provided them with templates of each. An abridged overview of the templates is provided in turn off 1. The templates lined various behaviors that represent each of the managerial virtues, functions, and roles.Readers wishing more detailed information on Fayols functions may consult any introductory management textbook (the template used in this study was based on the descrip tion presented in Starke and Sexty, 1992, the textbook used in the students course). Similarly, further information on Mintzbergs managerial roles can be found in Mintzberg (1973), which was used to prepare the template for this study. Table 1 Operationalization of Virtues, Functions, and Roles Category Sample Actions.Aristotles Virtues Practical Wisdom Justice Courage Self-control Using appropriate knowledge required to size up a real world situation and making a decision that increases the common good helping subordinates to improve in a way that allows them to feel good about themselves asking insightful questions Giving credit for success where credit is due assigning appropriate accountability and responses for failure accepting and acknowledging the merit in advice/wisdom from others.Treating set-backs as temporary empowering others rather than hoarding power complimenting others accepting others counsel even when it may seem to diminish self status qualification other-full d ecisions calming a situation where over-reaction might be tempting correcting a mistake in a self-controlled manner letting go of details to get married a larger perspective Fayols Functions Planning Organizing Controlling Determining new industries to enter in the future setting and priorizing securities industry share goals determining tevel of perpendicular integration choosing strategic focus implementing and evaluating plans.Setting policy statements establishing procedures setting rules determining how a specific service is to be performed or product to be make ensuring payroll or accounting functions are performed uniformly across the organization Touring facilities reviewing financial/productivity reports evaluating individual, group and/or organizational performance rewarding good performance or taking corrective action for poor performance Mintzbergs Roles Interpersonal Informational Decisional.Helping a subordinate to leam a new task making job assignments for subordi nates meeting with other managers at the same level within the organization talking to competitors/suppliers/customer organizations Readitig industry newspapers attending industry conferences reading fmancial reports send memos attending weekly staff meetings relaying information fiom upper level managers lobbying for organizational unit Develop a new way to produce or to market a product or service responding to day-to-day crises setting budgets deciding how to increase capacity conducting union negotiations.ARISTOTLES VIRTUES AND MANAGEMENT THOUGHT 567 An earlier study based on these data provided a much more detailed rationale for how each of the various categories and sub-categories were established. For the present study, it is sufficient to make two notes. First, rather than provide a detailed analysis of each of Mintzbergs ten roles, we here report data only for his three basic roles interpersonal, informational, and decisional. This allows for a much more covetous presentat ion. Second, our analysis includes data on only three of Fayols roles planning, controlling, and organizing.Students were not asked to code Fayols leading function for several reasons, but mostly because the curriculum in our university covers the leading function in a different course. 2 Results The data from the twenty reports were analyzed in several ways to address our three guiding research questions. We used simple descriptive statistics to examine the first question, namely, whether there were any differences between how ably students could classify managers behaviours using the three conceptual frameworks (i. e. , virtues, functions, and roles).As shown in Table 2, the findings were different than expected. First, because our methodology is adapted from Mintzbergs, we expected that his roles would be evident more often in the videotapes than Fayols functions and Aristotles virtues. We found that the opposite occurred. Although the students did classify 80 percentageage of the managers behavior using Mintzbergs roles, this was slightly less than the 82 percent of the time they classified using Fayols functions, and both these are statistically profoundly less than the 89 percent of managers behavior students classified using Aristotles virtues (p .01). Practical wisdom was the most frequently categorized virtue at 48. 4 percent, followed by justice at 26. 6 percent, courage at 8. 6 percent, and self-control at 5. 3 percent. Fayols functions were categorized at 17. 1 percent for planning, 22. 5 percent for organizing, and 42. 4 percent for controlling. Mintzbergs roles were categorized 51. 3 percent for interpersonal, 24. 5 percent for informational, and 4. 4 percent for decisional. Our second research question was to examine how much consistency there was between students in observing the various virtues in managers.For virtue theory to be a useful way to understand management, and for it to be most helpful in developing students ethical competencie s, there should be consistency. Thus, inter-rater reliabilities were calculated to measure the consistency of student group observations vis-a-vis each framework (see Table 2). As we expected, inter-rater reliability scores among the 20 groups were the highest for Mintzhergs roles at . 98 and lowest for Fayols functions at . 82 Aristotles virtues ranked between these two frameworks, at . 91. 568 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY.Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Inter-Rater Reliability Category n Category mean (/o of time) Wisdom 20 48. 4 20. 3 Justice 20 26. 6 19. 9 Courage 20 8. 6 8. 3 Self-control 20 5. 3 Framework mean (/. of time) Framework inter. rater reliability 88 5. 1 5d .91 82. D .82 80. 2 n Aristotles Virtues Fayols unctions Planning 20 17 1 14. 5 Organizing 20 22. 5 18. 7 Controlling 20 42. 4 19. 8 Interpersonal 20 SI. 3 14. 4 Infonnational 20 24 5 5. 5 Decisional 20 4. 4 3 1 Mintzber gs Roles Finally, our third research question was to explore how the virtues related to the other frameworks.Toward this end we calculated Pearson correlational statisticss between each virtue, function, and role (see Table 3 below). As this is an exploratory study, we used an alpha level of . 10 to examine significant correlations. We found four significant correlations between the virtues and the categories of the other frameworks. Practical wisdom correlated autocraticly with both Fayols planning function (. 38, p=. O99) and Mintzbergs interpersonal role (. 55, p=. O12), and negatively with the controlling function (-. 41, p=. O74). Justice correlated negatively with the interpersonal role (-.40, p=. O78) and had an almost statistically significant positive correlation with the controlling function (. 36, p=. 118).Two more statistically significant correlations were found within the four virtues (i) a negative correlation between justice and practical wisdom (-. 77, p=. OOO) and (ii) a negative correlation between justice and courage (-. 51, p=. O21). Finally, three o ther significant correlations emerged among categories outside of virtue theory (i) a negative correlation between the organizing function and the controlling function (-. 70, p=.OOl)(ii) a negative correlation between the informational and decisional roles (-. 45, p=. O49) and (iii) a positive correlation between the planning function and the interpersonal role (. 61, p=. 004). In sum, it may be noteworthy that, of the clubhouse statistically significant correlations found, most included at least one of the virtues (six), and fewer included one of the functions or one of the roles (four each). ARISTOTLES VIRTUES AND MANAGEMENT THOUGHT ao S p O g o 9 q o o o II 569 p o CN Z 9 tn so rn o e s o I o 00 I o 10 (N 2 g o o o o o 2S8 e o ci d o 8 i o.b O o U i 9 U , . N .2 s 3 570 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY Discussion For proponents of a virtue theory of management, the results of our exploratory study are encouraging. Our findings offer prelude empirical support for the contention th at Aristotles virtues provide a useable framework for integrating moral concerns into a holistic view of management. Our results, that students are able to observe the virtues in actual managerial behavior, encourage their further use and development as a framework for education in management theory and business ethics.We will now discuss the implications of our findings, and future research opportunities, in more detail. Research Question 7 In regard to our first research question concerning the different frameworks efficacy to classify managerial behavior, Aristotles virtues performed better than the two most commonly used conceptual frameworks in management teaching. Students were able to use virtue theory to categorize almost ninety percent of managers behavior, about ten percent more than functions or roles.Thus, the further use and development of a virtue theory framework for teaching students about the responsibilities of management is supported. Future researchers may examin e the link between the training that students receive and their subsequent ability to observe virtues, and also whether their ability to observe virtues is related to their likelihood of putting them into practice.This latter linkage, between being able to see in others and doing oneself, also undergirds mainstream management theory (e. g., students who observe the managerial roles will be more able to play those roles themselves) and is of particular relevance from a virtue theory perspective.Students who traditionally are taught to pose questions like What function or role should I be trying to improve as a manager? can be provided a framework to also ask Which virtue do I need to pay more attention to in order to develop as a manager? Do I practice enough justice in my interactions with subordinates? Have I been courageous in my dealings with upper management when advocating for my staff? Am I adequately temperate in my work aspirations? This approach to incorporate an ethica l dimension within students professional identity is have given the competing complexities and demands of business life, and may help to address Parks (1998) concern with business students integrating ethical issues with other business frameworks. Unfortunately, current business ethics courses may be perceived as unrelated to the rest of what students are taught in business schools if they do not define a set of ethical responsibilities and practices in familiarity with other functional and role requirements of management proper.As a result, when students come to fill managerial positions, they may be left virtually point-of-viewless regarding their responsibilities as managers vis-a-vis ethical issues, and have a constrained ability to define managerial success. ARISTOTLES VIRTUES AND MANAGEMENT THOUGHT 571 Research Question 2 In examining our second research question, we found a relatively high level of inter-rater reliability across student group categorizations of the virtues, comparable to the categorizations for the two more mainstream views of management.Beyond providing additional empirical support to continue to develop a virtue theory of management, this finding also draws our attention to further study what the key management virtues are and how we should describe them. In particular, partially in response to readers who might be surprised at the high incidence of virtuous behavior observed in our managers (e. g. , Maclntyre, 1981), our exploratory study begs future research to more closely examine the content of what the students were observing to be virtuous behavior.The consistent student observations are striking because operationalizing the virtues is not an easy task. For example, a person can act fairly without manifesting the virtue of justice if he does so without promptitude and pleasure (Pieper, 1965) and, similarly, performing a courageous act does not make a person courageous. In this light, the consistency of observations in our stud y should serve to encourage researchers who focus on specifying which virtues are most important for contemporary managers, because it lessens their need to limit or compromise their choice to easy-to-operationalize virtues.In any case, we suggest that future research use multiple method research designs to study virtues. For example, researchers could collect self-report data alongside videotapes, where managers are asked to describe, say, what prompted them to act fairly in a given situation. Similarly, researchers may interview subordinates and colleagues with whom focal managers interact. in that location may also be merit in developing a grounded theory of virtuous management, and analyzing observers classifications. As the research stream matures, there is potential for experimental designs and even survey instrument research.In short, empirical research within a virtue theory perspective has the potential to utilize and draw from the same methods and design strategies that have proven useful for other theoretical points of view. Research Question 5 The answer to the third research question provides a final point of departure for future research. For example, what do the positive correlations between practical wisdom and planning, practical wisdom and interpersonal roles, and the negative correlation between wisdom and controlling suggest?Is the wise manager one who controls less and pays more attention to issues of planning and interpersonal relations? Or, do these correlations reflect a influence in students towards the rightness of more participatory management styles that have become increasingly in vogue? Another question arising from the correlational analysis is the meaning of the negative association between justice and practical wisdom and justice and the interpersonal roles. Does the manager who displays more 572 BUSINESS ETHICS QUARTERLY practical wisdom do so at a cost to justice as we have operationalized them?Further, does the negative c orrelation between justice and the interpersonal role (and the almost-statistically-significant positive correlation between justice and controlling) indicate that students regard exhibiting the interpersonal role as somehow unjust and manipulative and not concerned with giving employees their due? Do managers who act justly perhaps do so at a cost to interpersonal relationships (e. g. , perhaps students perceived as just managers who enforce rules without adequate regard to unique personal needs)?The negative correlation between justice and courage draws further attention to issues around managerial manipulation, if students viewed managers ability to act unjust as something that takes courage. Alternatively, perhaps students see as courageous managers who protect their employees, even if this is not just toward shareholders. Along a different line, perhaps future research should examine the complementarity of virtues among managerial teams. Following Nadler and Tushmans (1990) arg ument that management teams should have leaders with complementary skills, so also the managers in our study may have complementary virtues.Thus, for example, one manager may be wiser while another more just. Such an approach leads to fascinating opportunities to examine the interplay between these virtues across managers. Finally, a comment on a non-finding in the correlational analysis. What about self-control? Is the lack of significant relationships with other categories, and the relatively low frequency of temperate behavior observed, an artifact of the methodology as might be the case if, for example, self-control is the least amenable to direct observation?Future research might find higher levels of self-control through self-reports asking managers about their feelings and stress levels during particular interactions. Similarly, one might design experiments using confederates to create highly frustrating interpersonal scenarios to assess the level of self-control displayed by subjects. These types of questions are indicative of potentially important directions in future research. Alternatively, perhaps our data suggest that future researchers should consider replacing self-control as a primary virtue for managers.Recall that the primary focus of our paper was to develop empirical support for the development of a virtual theory to conceptualize and understand management we do not contend that the four virtues we have used here are necessarily the dress hat or most appropriate. Our findings do demonstrate the merit in developing a virtue theory of management, and we now invite others to join us in the task of deciding which are the most important virtues for contemporary managers, a task which requires specifying its undergirding moral point of view (Frankena, 1973). Conclusion Our exploratory study provides welcome empirical support.